2006
DOI: 10.1007/s11157-006-9113-0
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A proposed classification of environmental adaptation: the example of high altitude

Abstract: Extreme environments are defined as the opposite of usual environments where the evoked physiological responses are unperceivable, repeatable and adjusted to the constraint. Adaptation strategies to a given environment show three levels: cultural or technological, where a buffer space is built to protect the organism from the hostile milieu, physiological, where temporary adaptive mechanisms are developed, and genetic, where full adaptation is possible with normal life and reproduction. The cost of adaptation … Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(2 citation statements)
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“…Environmental changes impose the pressure of natural selection on vertebrates, which supports the evolution of adaptive mechanisms for survival. As a typical example of adaptive evolution in extreme environments ( Richalet, 2007 ), high-altitude acclimatization refers to the heritable and irreversible changes in morphology ( Brutsaert et al, 1999 ; Miles et al, 2009 ), physiology ( Storz et al, 2009 ; Naeije, 2010 ), biochemistry ( García-Hjarles, 1989 ; Li et al, 2010 ), and ethology ( Mamatov et al, 2012 ) in highland habitants during long-term selection pressure, such as reduced oxygen availability, low ambient temperatures, and high ultraviolet radiation (UV; Brookfield and Allen, 1989 ; Wang et al, 2014 ). These changes are primarily triggered on a molecular level to modulate organic metabolism, especially in representatively hypoxia-sensitive tissues such as heart ( Jarmakani et al, 1978 ; Wilson et al, 1993 ; Moromisato et al, 1996 ; Park et al, 2007 ; Chen et al, 2009 ), kidney ( Luks et al, 2008 ; Dan et al, 2010 ; Yijiang et al, 2013 ), liver ( Komolova and Egorov, 1985 ; Moromisato et al, 1996 ; Rong and Gastroenterology, 2009 ), lung ( Moromisato et al, 1996 ; Liu, 2011 ; Li et al, 2012 ), longissimus muscle ( Lundby et al, 2003 , 2009 ; Murray, 2009 ; Levett et al, 2012 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ), and spleen ( Ou et al, 1980 ; Kam et al, 1999 ; Richardson et al, 2008 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Environmental changes impose the pressure of natural selection on vertebrates, which supports the evolution of adaptive mechanisms for survival. As a typical example of adaptive evolution in extreme environments ( Richalet, 2007 ), high-altitude acclimatization refers to the heritable and irreversible changes in morphology ( Brutsaert et al, 1999 ; Miles et al, 2009 ), physiology ( Storz et al, 2009 ; Naeije, 2010 ), biochemistry ( García-Hjarles, 1989 ; Li et al, 2010 ), and ethology ( Mamatov et al, 2012 ) in highland habitants during long-term selection pressure, such as reduced oxygen availability, low ambient temperatures, and high ultraviolet radiation (UV; Brookfield and Allen, 1989 ; Wang et al, 2014 ). These changes are primarily triggered on a molecular level to modulate organic metabolism, especially in representatively hypoxia-sensitive tissues such as heart ( Jarmakani et al, 1978 ; Wilson et al, 1993 ; Moromisato et al, 1996 ; Park et al, 2007 ; Chen et al, 2009 ), kidney ( Luks et al, 2008 ; Dan et al, 2010 ; Yijiang et al, 2013 ), liver ( Komolova and Egorov, 1985 ; Moromisato et al, 1996 ; Rong and Gastroenterology, 2009 ), lung ( Moromisato et al, 1996 ; Liu, 2011 ; Li et al, 2012 ), longissimus muscle ( Lundby et al, 2003 , 2009 ; Murray, 2009 ; Levett et al, 2012 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ), and spleen ( Ou et al, 1980 ; Kam et al, 1999 ; Richardson et al, 2008 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The second category includes parameters which reflect changes in adaptive, or allostatic [16], functions and mechanisms, whose work is directed to normalize the initially changed characters, to counter the adverse effects of entropic factor, and to level off shifts in homeostatic variables [17–19]. As in the cases of hypoxia [20] and physical load [12], such parameters would be heart and respiration rates, cardiac output, secretion of adaptive hormones corticosteroids and catecholamines [21], etc. Variables of the third category do not change at all under the above-said action.…”
Section: Description Of the Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%