A prospective study of injuries in elite soccer referees and assistant referees

Wilson, Fiona; Gissane, Conor; Byrne, Alan

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2011.084038.209

Cited by 14 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Meanwhile, prospective investigations show a much higher incidence of injury (up to 20 injuries per 1000 hours of refereeing) [25,30], which is explained by the recall-bias [36]. Our result of 1–2 injuries/1000 hours among UEFA referees is similar to the retrospective data reported for top-level international referees [25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees

Gabrilo

Ostojić

Idrizović³

et al. 2013

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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BackgroundInjury among soccer referees is rarely studied, especially with regard to differences in the quality level of the refereeing. Additionally, we have found no study that has reported injury occurrence during official physical fitness testing for soccer referees. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, type and consequences of match-related and fitness-testing related injuries among soccer referees of different competitive levels.MethodsWe studied 342 soccer referees (all males; mean age 32.9 ± 5.02 years). The study was retrospective, and a self-administered questionnaire was used. In the first phase of the study, the questionnaire was tested for its reliability and applicability. The questionnaire included morphological/anthropometric data, refereeing variables, and musculoskeletal disorders together with the consequences.ResultsThe sample comprised 157 main referees (MR; mean age 31.4 ± 4.9 years) and 185 assistant referees (AR; mean age 34.1 ± 5.1 years) divided into: international level (Union of European Football Associations-UEFA) referees (N = 18; 6 MRs; 12 ARs) ; 1st (N = 78; 31 MRs; 47 ARs), 2nd (N = 91; 45 MRs; 46 ARs); or 3rd national level referees (N = 155; 75 MRs; 80 ARs). In total, 29% (95%CI: 0.23–0.37) of the MRs and 30% (95%CI: 0.22–0.36) of the ARs had experienced an injury during the previous year, while 13% (95%CI: 0.05–0.14) of the MRs, and 19% (95%CI: 0.14–0.25) of the ARs suffered from an injury that occurred during fitness testing. There was an obvious increase in injury severity as the refereeing advanced at the national level, but the UEFA referees were the least injured of all referees. The results showed a relatively high prevalence of injuries to the upper leg (i.e., quadriceps and hamstrings) during physical fitness testing for all but the UEFA referees. During game refereeing, the ankles and lower legs were the most commonly injured regions. The MRs primarily injured their ankles. The ARs experienced lower leg and lower back disorders. However, the overall injury rate was equal for both groups, with 5.29 (95%CI: 2.23–8.30) and 4.58 (95%CI: 2.63–6.54) injuries per 1000 hours of refereeing for MRs and ARs, respectively.ConclusionIn addition to the reported risk of injury during soccer games, physical fitness testing should be classified as a risk for injury among soccer referees. Special attention should be given to (I) lower leg injuries during games and (II) upper leg injuries during physical fitness tests. A higher physical fitness level and a qualitative approach to training are recognized as protective factors against injury. Subsequent studies should investigate the specific predictors of injuries among referees.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In one of the rare prospective studies on this topic, performed on Irish referees [30], the authors found 8.8 injuries/1000 hours of training and 16.4 injuries/1000 hours for match officiating. However, the risk of injury varies considerably based on the standards of the game of which a referee has been placed in charge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees

Gabrilo

Ostojić

Idrizović³

et al. 2013

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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“…Juntos, os três têm o dever de assegurar que os jogadores sigam as regras do jogo (FIFA, 2012). Apesar do elementar papel do árbitro no futebol, pouca literatura científica está disponível sobre arbitragem (WILSON et al, 2011).…”

Section: Palavras-unclassified

Estudo da aplicação do Programa FIFA 11+ versão para árbitros, uma reabordagem bibliográfica

Gonçalves¹,

Ramalho²,

Oliveira³

2019

PIC

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O futebol é um dos esportes mais populares no mundo. Em 2006, um levantamentooficial da FIFA revelou o envolvimento de 270 milhões de pessoas com o futebol,sendo 840 mil árbitros e seus assistentes, peças chave na partida de futebol. Porexigir grande esforço físico, a prática do futebol inclui riscos inerentes de lesão,também aplicadas aos árbitros. Há equívoca percepção de que o árbitro seja menossuscetível a lesões quando comparados a atletas de alto rendimento. Nesse escopo,observa-se a importância epidemiológica do tema ao evidenciar-se que até 40% dosárbitros revelaram já ter apresentado lesões de diferentes caráteres durante acarreira. Apesar dessa alarmante incidência, há escassos trabalhos sobre o tema.Afim de proporcionar maior atenção a esses profissionais que exercem célebrepapel decisório nas partidas, a FIFA criou o programa de prevenção FIFA +11/versãopara árbitros, com o intuito de reduzir a incidência de lesões nesse grupo, tendocomo base o perfil de lesões que acometem mais especificamente os árbitros e oprograma de prevenção de lesões FIFA +11. O objetivo do atual trabalho foi avaliaro impacto do programa de prevenção FIFA +11/versão para árbitros na incidênciade lesões e seu tempo de recuperação no grupo que sofreu intervenção, além dedescrever as características epidemiológicas do árbitros estudados. Trata-se de umestudo prospectivo intervencionista com árbitros e assistentes brasileiros durante operíodo de junho de 2015 a abril de 2016, em que primeiro aplicou-se umquestionário para se obter os dados epidemiológicos, em seguida os árbitrosbrasilienses foram submetidos por 8 meses ao programa de prevenção. Foramestudados ao todo 66 árbitros/assistentes, de ambos os sexos, sendo 22 do DistritoFederal (grupo brasiliense), sendo 3 mulheres, e 46 de outros estados (gruponacional), sendo 9 mulheres. Constatou-se que o grupo brasiliense é composto porpessoas mais jovens, com média de 30 anos, em comparação a média de 36 anos dogrupo nacional, refletindo expressivamente na comparação do tempo de atuaçãodos grupos, sendo de 5,86 anos no primeiro e de 11,78 anos no segundo. As lesõesocorreram principalmente durante os jogos, em 62,5 % das vezes no grupo do DF e76,47% no nacional. O tipo de lesão com maior incidência, tanto no grupo do DF,quanto no Nacional foi a distensão muscular (37,5% e 44,12%, respectivamente),seguida pela entorse no primeiro grupo e a tendinopatia no segundo grupo. Foirelatado a ocorrência de lesões prévias por 73,91% do grupo nacional, emcomparação a 36,36% do grupo brasiliense. Porém o tempo de recuperação doprimeiro foi mais rápido, 34,3 dias, do que o do segundo, 63 dias. Após aintervenção notou-se redução de 37,5% das lesões no grupo que sofreu aintervenção, assim como o tempo de recuperação foi reduzido em 52% durante operíodo de intervenção. Pode-se concluir que o programa FIFA 11+/versão paraárbitros tem ampla aplicabilidade e demonstrada eficiência, demonstrandopactuado impacto na prevenção de lesões nos árbitros que praticaram otreinamento

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“…The few studies done on musculoskeletal injuries in referees have many methodological differences, but the results have shown that traumatic injuries are rare and that most injuries in referees were caused by a repetitive strain mechanism producing injuries due to overuse. 2,4,5 In Brazil, there is only one study on injuries in referees involving the FIFA test. 6 Several authors have pointed to the need for consensus in standardization, not only for the definition of the injury, but also in the study design, data collection and procedures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Soccer Referees: A Three-Year Study

Vieira¹,

Alonso

Ingham³

et al. 2019

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Objectives To determine the incidence and intensity of pain and the areas most affected by injuries with musculoskeletal pain, and the incidence and severity of “injuries defined by time of leave” in games and training of soccer referees in a triennium. Methods An interview was conducted with 257 referees using a web application. With this tool, a monthly evaluation form was sent to the referees with questions that measured the incidence, location, and pain intensity of injuries with complaints of pain and time of leave, severity in games and training in the years 2012, 2013, and 2014. The numerical pain scale was used to classify the pain intensity of the lesions with pain complaint. Results There was no difference between the years studied in relation to injuries with pain complaints, both in games and in training. Mean values were 37.8/1,000 hours in games and 39.9/1,000 hours in training, with a mean incidence of “ injuries defined by time of leave” of 3.7/1,000 hours in games. The difference was significantly higher in 2013 compared to 2012 and 2014, and in training, the average incidence was 3.5/1,000 hours, with a significantly higher difference in 2012 compared to 2013 and 2014. Conclusion Lesions with pain complaints did not present a significant difference in games compared to training; in the lesions by time of leave, the incidence in games was higher than in training, and the most frequent type of injury was low-degree muscle pain, predominantly in the thigh and triceps surae. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic Study - Investigating the Effect of Patient Characteristics on Disease Outcome.

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A prospective study of injuries in elite soccer referees and assistant referees

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees

A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees

Estudo da aplicação do Programa FIFA 11+ versão para árbitros, uma reabordagem bibliográfica

Incidence of Musculoskeletal Injuries in Soccer Referees: A Three-Year Study

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