A prospective study of reproductive, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data

Cl, Carter; Jones, DY; Schatzkin, Arthur; La, Brinton

doi:10.1016/0378-5122(89)90217-x

Cited by 22 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…We confirmed the increased risk of breast cancer that has been observed among women in the United States with higher education and higher socioeconomic status, (22,23) although this has not been found consistently in Europe (14,24,25). The reason for this association is not known, although it is possible that highly educated women may be more likely to undergo mammography.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Sex Hormones, Risk Factors, and Risk of Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer in Older Women: A Long-term Prospective Study

Cummings

Lee

Lui

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Objective: Antiestrogens reduce the risk of estrogen receptor -positive (ER+) but not ER-negative (ERÀ À) breast cancer. Women at high risk of ER+ cancer would be the most likely to benefit from these treatments, but the best approach to predicting ER+ cancer is uncertain. Methods: We prospectively assessed putative risk factors for breast cancer and archived serum at À À190°C from a communitybased cohort of 7,676 women ages z65 years who had no history of breast cancer. Follow-up for breast cancer over 10.5 years was 99% complete. Using a case-cohort design, we measured baseline levels of estradiol and testosterone in 196 cases of invasive ER+ cancer and 378 randomly selected controls. Results: Women whose testosterone level in highest two quintiles had a 4-fold increased risk of ER+ breast cancer (P < 0.0001). High estradiol concentration also indicated an increased risk but was not a significant predictor after adjustment for testosterone. Women with >16 years of education had a 2.1 times increased risk (P = 0.03) of ER+ cancer, but no other risk factors were significantly related to an increased risk of ER+ cancer. Women with a family history of breast cancer had a 2.9-fold increased risk of ERÀ À cancer (P = 0.002) but no increased risk of ER+ cancer (relative hazard = 1.2, 0.8-1.8).Conclusions: High serum testosterone and advanced education predicted ER+ breast cancer. If confirmed, high testosterone level may be more accurate than family history of breast cancer and other conventional risk factors for identifying older women who are most likely to benefit from antiestrogen chemoprevention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Sex Hormones, Risk Factors, and Risk of Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer in Older Women: A Long-term Prospective Study

Cummings

Lee

Lui

et al. 2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…Unlike most other diseases and sites of cancer, breast cancer has been demonstrated to have a positive association with educational level. Most reports of this atypical association have come from studies in Europe [1, 3-5, 7, 8, 11, 12] and the United States [2,6,9,10]. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to add support for this association in a nonwhite population in an Asian country.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…People with a high socioeconomic status generally have better health in terms of both morbidity and mortality. Breast cancer, however, is more common among women with a high than a low socioeconomic status [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. This atypical association is regarded as partly due to differences in reproductive and maternal behavior among women in these groups [1,6,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prospective study of educational background and breast cancer among Japanese women

Fujino

Mori

Tamakoshi

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

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“…Some studies have suggested that the high socioeconomic status, i.e. occupational status, was related to high risks of breast cancer [17][18][19][20][21] . One of the most consistent results of previous studies was that increased risk of breast cancer was found among women with professional and managerial occupations [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proportionate Cancer Morbidity Ratio Study of Workers Exposed to Chlorinated Organic Solvents in Taiwan

et al. 2003

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We initiated an investigation to examine the possible association between the cancer risk and the chlorinated organic solvents exposure in an electronic factory. To obtain information on the incidence of the various types of cancer among the exposed and comparison groups, the cohort populations were merged with the National Mortality Database, the National Cancer Registry Database, and the National Insurance Hospitalization Database from the Department of Health (DOH), as well as the Labor Insurance Hospitalization Database from the Bureau of Labor Insurance (BLI). The proportionate cancer morbidity ratio (PCMR) was used to estimate the cancer risk of the exposed workers in comparison with either textile workers or electronics workers. After adjustment for age, only the PCMR for breast cancer in the exposed female employees was significantly elevated when compared with the two comparison groups. The increased risk of breast cancer was mainly found in the category of 1989-1997 for year of diagnosis when stratified by calendar year. However, there was no dose-response relationship between female breast cancer risk and duration of employment. Although some PCMRs for the cancers were also increased in the exposed group, female breast cancer was consistently increased when compared with both textile and electronics comparison groups using different exclusion criteria. The results obtained in the present study suggest a possible association between exposure to chlorinated organic solvents and female breast cancer. Since this association has never been reported in the previous studies, further study is needed to clarify the association.

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A prospective study of reproductive, familial, and socioeconomic risk factors for breast cancer using NHANES I data

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

Sex Hormones, Risk Factors, and Risk of Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer in Older Women: A Long-term Prospective Study

Sex Hormones, Risk Factors, and Risk of Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer in Older Women: A Long-term Prospective Study

A prospective study of educational background and breast cancer among Japanese women

A Proportionate Cancer Morbidity Ratio Study of Workers Exposed to Chlorinated Organic Solvents in Taiwan

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