A Prospective Study of the Role of Depression in the Development and Persistence of Adolescent Obesity

Goodman, Elizabeth; Whitaker, Robert C.

doi:10.1542/peds.110.3.497

Cited by 745 publications

(655 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Depression, smoking and alcohol consumption Contrary to other studies (26,28) , we found no association between overweight and depression and smoking. In the bivariate analysis, daily alcohol consumption was significantly higher among men, in line with other studies reporting heavy alcohol intake to be positively related to overweight and obesity (29) .…”

Section: Physical Activitycontrasting

confidence: 99%

Who eats healthily? A population-based study among young Swiss residents

Meier

Berchtold

Akré

et al. 2010

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To assess whether Swiss residents aged 15-24 years follow current nutritional guidelines and whether differences exist according to gender and weight status. Design: Cross-sectional national survey. Setting: Switzerland. Subjects: The 1786 participants (48?4 % women) were divided into overweight, normal weight and underweight. We used traditional BMI cut-offs for people $18 years of age (underweight 5 BMI , 18?5 kg/m 2 , normal weight 5 BMI $ 18?5 kg/m 2 and ,25 kg/m 2 , overweight 5 BMI $ 25 kg/m 2 ) and age-and gender-appropriate tables for people aged ,18 years, with BMI calculated from self-reported weight and height. We performed bivariate analyses by gender, and then bivariate and multivariate analyses comparing overweight to normal weight people (excluding underweight, n 129, 71?6 % women) regarding adherence to recommendations for fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and dairy products; physical activity; attitude towards body weight; depression, smoking and alcohol consumption. Results: Overall, adherence to nutritional guidelines was low, particularly for vegetables and dairy products. Women had a higher adherence than men except for fish and dairy products. In the multivariate analyses, overweight women had a lower vegetable intake, were less satisfied with body weight and had more often been on a diet, whereas overweight men were less satisfied with body weight and wanted to lose weight more often than their normal weight peers. There were no significant differences for physical activity. Conclusions: Overweight prevention programmes should target youth specifically by gender and promote an appropriate self-perception. Overweight women should be encouraged to eat more vegetables and men to be more sensitised on healthy food. Further research is needed to assess how to make nutritional guidelines more adaptable to young people's daily life.

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Section: Physical Activitycontrasting

confidence: 99%

Who eats healthily? A population-based study among young Swiss residents

Meier

Berchtold

Akré

et al. 2010

Public Health Nutr.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We used an internal definition, based on percentiles, to provide sufficient numbers for the analyses as has been performed in previous studies on adolescent obesity and also in this sample. 14,22 BMI at the age of 31 years was calculated using the measured data of body weight (kg, in underwear) and height (cm, without shoes) obtained during the clinical examination or the weight and height asked in the questionnaire if the measured data from the clinical examination were not Obesity and depression A Herva et al available. In 70% of the subjects weight and height were measured.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 On the other hand, recent studies have mostly observed an increased risk for depression among the obese. 14,15 Most of the epidemiological studies concerning the association between obesity and depression have been cross-sectional. 15,16 There is not much knowledge of whether obesity increases the risk of depression in later life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To examine the association between body size and depression in a longitudinal setting and to explore the connection between obesity and depression in young adults at the age of 31 years. Design: This study forms part of the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study (N ¼ 12 058). The follow-up studies were performed at 14 and 31 years. Data were collected by postal inquiry at 14 years and by postal inquiry and clinical examination at 31 years. Subjects: A total of 8451 subjects (4029 men and 4422 women) who gave a written informed consent and information on depression by three depression indicators at 31 years. Measurements: Body size at 14 (body mass index (BMI) and 31 (BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) years and depression at 31 years by three different ways: depressive symptoms by the HSCL-25-depression questionnaire (HSCL-25), the use of antidepressants and self-reported physician-diagnosed depression. Results: Obesity at 14 years associated with depressive symptoms at 31 years; among male subjects using the cutoff point 2.01 in the HSCL-25 (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.97, 95% CI 1.06-3.68), among female subjects using the cutoff point 1.75 (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.32). Female subjects who were obese both at baseline and follow-up had depressive symptoms relatively commonly (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06-1.85 at cutoff point 1.75); a similar association was not found among male subjects. The proportion of those who used antidepressants was 2.17-fold higher among female subjects who had gained weight compared to female subjects who had stayed normal-weighted (adjusted OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.28-3.68). In the crosssectional analyses male subjects with abdominal obesity (WHR X85th percentile) had a 1.76-fold risk of depressive symptoms using the cutoff 2.01 in the HSCL-25 (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.08-2.88). Abdominally obese male subjects had a 2.07-fold risk for physician-diagnosed depression (adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.23-3.47) and the proportion of those who used antidepressants was 2.63-fold higher among obese male subjects than among male subjects without abdominal obesity (adjusted OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.33-5.21). Abdominal obesity did not associate with depression in female subjects. Conclusion: Obesity in adolescence may be associated with later depression in young adulthood, abdominal obesity among male subjects may be closely related to concomitant depression, and being overweight/obese both in adolescence and adulthood may be a risk for depression among female subjects.

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“…6,7 Depressed mood, mainly in adolescents, also increases the risk for subsequent obesity even after controlling for baseline body weight. 8 Although obesity, by itself, does not appear to be systematically associated with psychopathological outcomes, subgroups of obese individuals have been identified who suffer substantially from psychiatric disorders, especially depression. [9][10][11] Thus, the depression risk may not be equally distributed among obese subjects and, in consequence, may contribute inconsistently to a subsequent CHD risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effects of depressed mood and obesity on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 obese men and women: results from the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998

et al. 2006

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Objective: To examine the contribution of depressed mood in obese subjects on the prediction of a future coronary heart disease event (CHD). Design: A prospective population-based cohort study of three independent cross-sectional surveys with 6239 subjects, 45-74 years of age and free of diagnosed CHD, stroke and cancer. During a mean follow-up of 7 years, 179 CHD events occurred among men and 50 events among women. Subjects: A total of 737 (23%) male and 773 (26%) female subjects suffering from obesity (BMI X30 kg/m 2 ). Measurements: Body weight determined by trained medical staff following a standardized protocol; standardized questionnaires to assess subsyndromal depressive mood and other psychosocial features. Results: The main effect of obesity to predict a future CHD (hazard ratio, HR ¼ 1.38, 95% CI 1.03-1.84; P ¼ 0.031) and the interaction term of obesity by depression (HR ¼ 1.73, 95% CI 0.98-3.05; P ¼ 0.060) were borderline significant, both covariate adjusted for multiple risk factors. Relative to the male subgroup with normal body weight and no depression, the male obese group with no depression was not at significantly increased risk for CHD events (HR ¼ 1.17, 95% CI 0.76-1.80; P ¼ 0.473) whereas CHD risk in males with both obesity and depressed mood was substantially increased (HR ¼ 2.32, 95% CI 1.45-3.72, P40.0001). The findings for women were similar, however, not significant probably owing to lack of power associated with low event rates. Combining obesity and depressed mood resulted in a relative risk to suffer from a future CHD event of HR 1.84 (95% CI 0.79-4.26; P ¼ 0.158). Conclusions: Depressed mood substantially amplifies the CHD risk of middle-aged obese, but otherwise apparently healthy men. The impact of depression on the obesity risk in women is less pronounced.

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A Prospective Study of the Role of Depression in the Development and Persistence of Adolescent Obesity

Abstract: Depressed adolescents are at increased risk for the development and persistence of obesity during adolescence. Understanding the shared biological and social determinants linking depressed mood and obesity may inform the prevention and treatment of both disorders.

Cited by 745 publications

References 53 publications

Who eats healthily? A population-based study among young Swiss residents

Who eats healthily? A population-based study among young Swiss residents

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

Synergistic effects of depressed mood and obesity on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 obese men and women: results from the MONICA–KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984–1998

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