A Prostate Cancer Detection Immunosensor Based on Nafion/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Aldehyde Functionalized Methyl Pyridine Composite Electrode

Abstract

In this research, an electrochemical PSA (prostate specific antigen) immunosensor based on Nafion/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/aldehyde methyl pyridine (CHO-MP) composite electrode was newly developed by using noncovalent functionalization of rGO and CHO-MP. Due to improper binding stability of the immobilized antibody, immunosensors may show false positive results. The proposed composite material can provide suitable microenvironment for the immobilized anti-PSA and improve the conductivity of electrode. Furthermore, the used nafion can improve the mechanical and chemical behaviors of the developed immunosensor. Physical characterization of rGO/CHO-MP was observed through XPS, FTIR, and FE-SEM. Under the optimized conditions, the fabricated immunosensor showed a linear range of 0.005-90 ng mL −1 , detection limit of 1.6 pg mL −1 , excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Lastly, human serum samples were analyzed and the recovery range was obtained as 95.8% to 107.9% with an RSD of 5.1% (n = 5). These results showed that the as-fabricated sensor is highly promising in clinical applications.

A Polyallylamine Anchored Amine‐Rich Laser‐Ablated Graphene Platform for Facile and Highly Selective Electrochemical IgG Biomarker Detection

“…The experimental results showed that the highest current response appeared at a pH of 7.4, as it was close to the pH of body fluids. Thus, we selected PBS with a pH of 7.4 for the following tests 47,48…”

Disposal Immunosensor for Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on Amino-Rich Nanochannels Array-Modified Patterned Indium Tin Oxide Electrode

“…The limit of detection (LOD) calculated based on a three-fold signal-to-noise ratio (S/N=3) is 1.3 pg/mL. The LOD is lower than that obtained based on electrochemical detection using PtCu hollow nanoframes [ 54 ], metal-ions-functionalized gold nanoparticles-carbon nanospheres CNSs@AuNPs [ 55 ], nafion/graphene oxide/aldehyde methyl pyridine (Nafion/rGO/CHO-MP) [ 56 ], or metal organic frame-235/methylene blue (MOF-235/MB) [ 57 ]-modified electrode, but higher than that obtained based on palladium-nanoparticles-loaded electroactive amino-zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (Pd/NH 2 -ZIF-67) [ 58 ], electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection based on cadmium sulfide/chitosan/g-C 3 N 4 (CdS/Chito/g-C 3 N 4 ) [ 59 ], or electrodeposited gold@poly-luminol nanocomposite (Au@PL-NC) [ 60 ].…”

A highly‐sensitive vascular endothelial growth factor‐A(165) immunosensor, as a tool for early detection of cancer

“…As expected, after immobilization of antibody to rGO/Au nanocomposite, an impedance increase to 126 Ω was seen. This result indicated that the electrode's surface was blocked by the insulation effect of the antibody 25 . Compared to Jeffamine, 33 11‐MUA was used as the linker because it has a thiol group that can be attached to the Au nanoparticle with covalent bonding, and carboxylic groups, as ideal groups for antibody binding.…”

“…Naphyon is a biocompatible polymer that has thermal stability and is used for stabilizing the nanocomposite on the surface of the electrode. Despite the insulating properties of naphyon, the conductivity of the electrode is achieved by some metal nanoparticle along naphyon 25 …”