A PVC–graphite composite electrode for electroanalytical use. Preparation and some applications

Albertús, Fernando; LLerena, Adrián; Alpízar, Jesús; Cerdà, Vı́ctor; Luque, Matilde; Ríos, Ángel; Valcárcel, Miguel

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(97)81608-x

Cited by 56 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the fabrication of these modified electrodes, CPE was usually preferred for its low cost and simple preparation procedure. Moreover, through the replacement of paraffin with different binders, 16 the modification of the electrode surface, 17 or the addition of new materials, 18,19 the modified CPE exhibited an excellent electrochemical behavior. Mesoporous materials attracted much attention for their large surface area, fast adsorption kinetics, controllable pore size and pore arrangement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Cd2+

Zhang¹,

Dong²,

Gu³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Cd2+

Zhang¹,

Dong²,

Gu³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…On the other hand, however, the poor physical and mechanical properties limit their further applications in electroanalytical chemistry. Recently, various approaches have been employed for the fabrication of a graphite composite electrode, including suspension of carbon powder into poly(chlorotriuoroethylene) [8], silicon rubber [9], polyacrylonitrile form [10], epoxy resin [11], PVC [12] and other organic materials [13±17]. The suitabilities of these electrodes in voltammetric measurements or as the electrochemical detector in¯ow injection analysis and liquid chromatography have been demonstrated [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Determination of Trace Manganese with Graphite/Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Composite Electrodes

Jin¹,

Xu²,

Miwa³

2000

Electroanalysis

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Fabrication of the graphite based polymer composite electrodes and their application to the stripping analysis is described. The electrode was prepared by ®lling and extruding the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SA) with graphite powder, which shows signi®cant improvement in signal to noise ratio in comparison with a conventional glassy carbon electrode especially at the anodic potential range. It is demonstrated that the electrodes are well suited for the determination of trace manganese in aqueous solution by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV). This method involves a preelectrolysis step whereby the trace Mn(II) was anodically oxidized to Mn(IV) on an electrode surface in an acetate ammonium buffer (pH 9), followed by cathodic stripping technique with a square-wave voltammetric mode. The peak response was characterized with respect to pH, preelectrolysis potential, preelectrolysis time, possible interference, supporting electrolytes, etc. Under the optimal conditions, the stripping peak height linearly increased with the concentration of manganese in the range of 0.2±10 mgaL. The sensitivity and the resolution of the proposed method are obviously better than that of results obtained with the conventional glassy carbon electrode.

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“…Specific features of the last material are its strength, chemical inertness, absence of impurities, nonswelling in water solutions, stability in organic solvents for prolonged periods, ease and simplicity of fabrication, and secure fixing of water-soluble reagents. Table 1 gives examples of the use of modified composite electrodes in stripping voltammetry with the composite materials made under industrial and laboratory conditions using simple sol-gel, sono-gel, spin-casting, and molding technologies [73,[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]. The electrodes shown in the table can be divided into two groups: those made of carbon-(soot, amorphous carbon) [73][74][75][76][77][78][79] and those made of graphite-containing [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92] materials.…”

Section: Graphitized Carbon and Composite Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified carbon-containing electrodes in stripping voltammetry of metals. Part II. Composite and microelectrodes

Stozhko

Малахова

Fyodorov

et al. 2007

J Solid State Electrochem

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The second part of the review, which covers modified carbon-containing electrodes, describes composite and microelectrodes. Electrodes made of commercial and laboratory carbon-containing composite materials are discussed. Impregnated and thick-film electrodes and microelectrodes made of carbon fibers form a separate group. Various modifiers and methods of electrode modification are presented. Prospects for the future development of solid-state modified electrodes are considered. [12][13][14][15][16]. In most cases, electrodes of these materials are modified by metal films (mercury, copper, and bismuth), molecularly imprinted TiO 2 [17]. The occurrence in the last decade of new types of carbon materials "from carbon nanotubes to edge plane pyrolytic graphite" [18,19] has significantly changed the scope and sensitivity of electroanalytical methods for the measurement of diverse targets from metals ions to biological markers. Investigators considered in detail electrochemical characteristics [20] and practical use [21] of the "edge" plane pyrolytic graphite, which proved to have a wider interval of working potentials and a low detection limit as compared to those of the basal pyrolytic graphite and GC. For example, in situ bismuth film modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode was successfully applied to the ultra trace simultaneous determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) with detection limit 5.5·10 −10 and 4·10 −10 M, respectively [22].Synthetic diamonds (nitrogen-[23, 24] and boron-doped ) have come into use quite recently for electrochemical measurements. In particular, a gold-coated, borondoped, diamond thin-film electrode was used for total inorganic arsenic detection in real water samples [50]. Unlike properties of other carbon materials, which are widely used in electroanalysis, properties of synthetic diamonds became the subject of comprehensive study just about 10 years ago. The research was hindered by two circumstances: shortage of the material and the absence of conduction. The situation radically changed with the advent of highly efficient methods for growing of polycrystalline diamond compounds.A more efficient separation, accumulation, and determination of components is achieved with electrodes of composite materials made of graphite, carbon, glassy carbon, or diamond powders and binders such as paraffin, epoxy resins, methacrylate, silicon, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, polyester, and silica gel. The reviews [51][52][53][54] deal with properties and applications of various composite J Solid State Electrochem

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A PVC–graphite composite electrode for electroanalytical use. Preparation and some applications

Cited by 56 publications

References 20 publications

Simultaneous Determination of Cd2+

Simultaneous Determination of Cd2+

Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Determination of Trace Manganese with Graphite/Styrene-Acrylonitrile Copolymer Composite Electrodes

Modified carbon-containing electrodes in stripping voltammetry of metals. Part II. Composite and microelectrodes

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