A Quantitative Chemical Method for Determining the Surface Concentration of Stone–Wales Defects for 1D and 2D Carbon Nanomaterials

Abstract

A quantitative method is proposed to determine Stone–Wales defects for 1D and 2D carbon nanostructures. The technique is based on the diene synthesis reaction (Diels–Alder reaction). The proposed method was used to determine Stone–Wales defects in the few-layer graphene (FLG) nanostructures synthesized by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) process in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesized based on the method of Hammers and in the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) TUBAL trademark, Russia. Our research has shown that the structure of FLG is free of Stone–Wales defects, while the surface concentration of Stone–Wales defects in TUBAL carbon nanotubes is 1.1 × 10−5 mol/m2 and 3.6 × 10−5 mol/m2 for rGO.

Carboxyl Functionalization of N-MWCNTs with Stone–Wales Defects and Possibility of HIF-1α Wave-Diffusive Delivery

“…Figure 1 a shows an HRTEM image of the irradiated N-MWCNT side wall having a near-cylindrical bamboo structure with an average outer diameter of ~20 nm. As can be seen, the outer side of the tube reveals a large number of Stone–Wales defects (arrows) compared to the initial N-MWCNT (see Figure S1 ) [ 28 ].…”

The Effect of Few-Layer Graphene on the Complex of Hardness, Strength, and Thermo Physical Properties of Polymer Composite Materials Produced by Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D Printing

“…To eliminate the systematic error of the experiment, we specially set up a blank experiment (there was no α-methylstyrene in the solution), which showed the absence of sorption of o-xylene on the surface of the selected series of nanocarbons. The technique is described in detail in [ 22 ].…”

“…In our previous work [ 21 ], we showed the possibility of synthesizing FLG under self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) conditions from cyclic biopolymers. An important advantage of FLG synthesized by this method is the absence of Stone–Wales defects [ 22 ], which is almost inevitable in synthesis by other methods. We found that FLG nanostructures synthesized by the SHS method could significantly improve nitrile butadiene rubber’s complex strength and thermos physical properties [ 23 ].…”

Diameter-Change-Induced Transition in Buckling Modes of Defective Zigzag Carbon Nanotubes

“…However, SW defects are not always artificial imperfections and can be commonly generated during synthesis of CNTs [ 40 , 41 ]. Furthermore, tensile [ 42 , 43 ] and compressive [ 29 ] load application can produce SW defects even in pristine CNTs.…”