A quantitative method is proposed to determine Stone–Wales defects for 1D and 2D carbon nanostructures. The technique is based on the diene synthesis reaction (Diels–Alder reaction). The proposed method was used to determine Stone–Wales defects in the few-layer graphene (FLG) nanostructures synthesized by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) process in reduced graphene oxide (rGO) synthesized based on the method of Hammers and in the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) TUBAL trademark, Russia. Our research has shown that the structure of FLG is free of Stone–Wales defects, while the surface concentration of Stone–Wales defects in TUBAL carbon nanotubes is 1.1 × 10−5 mol/m2 and 3.6 × 10−5 mol/m2 for rGO.

The method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis has been employed to prepare 2D graphene structures (SHS-graphSHS procedure for carbonizing cyclic organic structures is a simple accessible method for making 2D graphene structures in practically needed amounts. The material obtained is designated as SHS-graphene. The study on starch carbonization product by combined complementary methods has shown the structure of SHS-graphene particles is similar to 2-3-layered graphene particles. The addition of graphene to NBR matrix results in the significant (to twice) enhancement of strength and thermal characteristics of composition material obtained, as compared to unfilled rubber.ene). A set of complementary methods (scanning electron microscopy, Raman microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis) evidenced 2-3-layer graphene structure of the substance obtained. SHS-graphene has been utilized to modify NBR and thereby markedly strengthen the polymer matrix.

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