A quantitative study of the slow decline of chlorophyll a fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts

Briantais, Jean-Marie; Vernotte, C.; Picaud, M.; Krause, G. Heinrich

doi:10.1016/0005-2728(79)90193-2

Cited by 375 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (Horton and Bowyer, 1990;Krause and Weis, 1992) has shown that it is dependent on the acidification of the thylakoid lumen that results from light-induced proton translocation (Briantais et al, 1979 ;Gilmore and Yamamoto, 1992). This implies that protonation of pigments or amino-acid residues is a key event in the induction of qE.…”

Section: -(34-dichlorophenyl)-ll-dimethylurea; Lhci Light-harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Plant Light‐Harvesting Complexes LHCIIa and LHCIIc are Bound by Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide During Inhibition of Energy Dissipation

Walters

Ruban

Horton

1994

European Journal of Biochemistry

126

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We have investigated the binding to proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus of the carboxymodifying agent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, (cHxN),C ; this inhibits the protective dissipation of excess absorbed light energy (qE) by the light-harvesting apparatus of photosystem I1 (LHCII), suggesting that carboxyl amino-acid side chains within hydrophobic protein domains may be involved in qE. (cHxN),I4C was used to label thylakoids and photosystem I1 particles, so as to identify proteins which may be involved in the detection of lumen pH during qE induction. Of six thylakoid proteins labelled with (cHxN),C under conditions where qE is efficiently induced, three are associated with photosystem I, and none with the bulk LHCII. PSII-associated label is bound to three minor components of LHCII, identified as LHCIIa (two species) and LHCIIc, as shown by protein sequencing of tryptic fragments of purified complexes. pH titration of qE formation and protein labelling in coupled thylakoids showed that both qE and labelling of LHCIIa increased at pH 7-8.In higher plants, chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules are bound to specific proteins to form light-harvesting complexes (LHCI, LHCII), which efficiently capturc and deliver excitation energy to photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem I1 (PSII) reaction centres. Four different types of LHCII (LHCIIa-d), which differ in their polypeptide and pigment content, have been identified (Peter and Thornber, 1991). The polypeptides comprising LHCII are encoded by members of the Lhc gene family; Lhcbl, Lhcb2 and Lhcb3 encode 28-, 27-and 25-kDa polypeptides, respectively, comprising LHCIIb; Lhcb4 encodes the 30-31-kDa protein of LHCIIa; Lhcb.5 encodes the LHCIIc 26-kDa protein; the LHCIId 24-kDa protein is encoded by Lhcbd . LHCIIb binds up to 65% of PSII chlorophyll and is often referred to as the bulk light-harvesting complex; LHCIIa, c and d are minor complexes, each accounting for 3-5% (Peter and Thornber, 1991 ;Dainese and Bassi, 1991 ;.When the light absorbed by LHCII is greater than that capable of being used in photosynthesis, the photosynthetic apparatus is protected from the damaging effects of overexcitation by the rapid induction of a process of non-radiative energy dissipation known as qE Demmig-Adams, 1990;Horton and Ruban, 1992). Measurement of radiationless dissipation of energy via non-photochemical

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Section: -(34-dichlorophenyl)-ll-dimethylurea; Lhci Light-harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Plant Light‐Harvesting Complexes LHCIIa and LHCIIc are Bound by Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide During Inhibition of Energy Dissipation

Walters

Ruban

Horton

1994

European Journal of Biochemistry

126

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“…However, this term comprises at least three processes: (i) qI, mainly related to photoinhibition, a slowly reversible damage to PSII reaction centers (2,3), although data suggest that a zeaxanthindependent quenching might contribute substantially to this process (4,5), (ii) qT, state transitions, a change in the relative antenna sizes of PSII and PSI, due to the reversible phosphorylation and migration of antenna proteins (LHCII) (6), and (iii) qE, also termed "high-energy state quenching", a form of quenching associated with the development of a low pH in the thylakoid lumen (e.g., ref 7). High-energy state quenching is largely thought to be associated with an increase in thermal dissipation within the light-harvesting apparatus (1,8,9), associated with the generation of a ∆pH (7,10) and with the formation of zeaxanthin via deepoxidation of violaxanthin (11). However, in vitro at least, this term also encompasses acidic pHinduced processes in the PSII reaction center, specifically following the release of a Ca 2+ ion associated with the watersplitting complex (e.g., ref 12).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

et al. 2006

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Unlike plants, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows a restricted ability to develop nonphotochemical quenching upon illumination. Most of this limited quenching is due to state transitions instead of ∆pH-driven high-energy state quenching, qE. The latter could only be observed when the ability of the cells to perform photosynthesis was impaired, either by lowering temperature to ∼0°C or in mutants lacking RubisCO activity. Two main features were identified that account for the low level of qE in Chlamydomonas. On one hand, the electrochemical proton gradient generated upon illumination is apparently not sufficient to promote fluorescence quenching. On the other hand, the capacity to transduce the presence of a ∆pH into a quenching response is also intrinsically decreased in this alga, when compared to plants. The possible mechanism leading to these differences is discussed.The absorption of light in excess of the capacity for photosynthetic electron transport is damaging to photosynthetic organisms (1). That capacity is, however, variable, depending mainly on the efficiency of CO 2 assimilation. For example, decreases in temperature lower the rate with which electrons can be transported within the electron transport chain as well as the capacity of metabolic processes to assimilate the reductant that has been photoproduced. In higher plants, the availability of CO 2 is liable to be limiting under conditions of water stress, due to the closure of stomata. This will again inhibit photosynthetic assimilation. Under such conditions, cells are likely to experience oxidative stress, due to the uncontrolled formation of reactive oxygen species associated with the absorption of light by chlorophyll.Under conditions of excess light, a variety of mechanisms are initiated which protect chloroplasts from damage. In higher plants, a number of processes have been identified, primarily through application of measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence yield. These are all associated with photosystem (PS) 1 II and are collectively referred to as nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms (NPQ; 1). However, this term comprises at least three processes: (i) qI, mainly related to photoinhibition, a slowly reversible damage to PSII reaction centers (2, 3), although data suggest that a zeaxanthindependent quenching might contribute substantially to this process (4, 5), (ii) qT, state transitions, a change in the relative antenna sizes of PSII and PSI, due to the reversible phosphorylation and migration of antenna proteins (LHCII) (6), and (iii) qE, also termed "high-energy state quenching", a form of quenching associated with the development of a low pH in the thylakoid lumen (e.g., ref 7).High-energy state quenching is largely thought to be associated with an increase in thermal dissipation within the light-harvesting apparatus (1,8,9), associated with the generation of a ∆pH (7, 10) and with the formation of zeaxanthin via deepoxidation of violaxanthin (11). However, in vitro at least, this term also encompasses acidic pHinduced proc...

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“…qNP is composed of at least three types of quenching processes which function in the protection of the membranes and also in the regulation of PSII photochemistry. These are: (a) the thermal dissipation process activated by the formation of ApH known as qE (3), (b) the regulation of the absorption cross section via the state transition, qT (29) 14 d treatment and for biochemical assays the day after. In the latter case, plants were harvested 4 h after the beginning of the photoperiod.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Maize Leaves as a Result of Nitrogen Limitation

Khamis¹,

Lamaze²,

Lemoine³

et al. 1990

Plant Physiol.

180

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In maize (Zea mays L., cv Contessa), nitrogen (NO3-) limitation resulted in a reduction in shoot growth and photosynthetic capacity and in an increase in the leaf zeaxanthin contents. Nitrogen deficiency had only a small effect on the quantum yield of CO2 assimilation but a large effect on the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis. Linear relationships persisted between the quantum yield of CO2 assimilation and that of photosystem 11 photochemistry in all circumstances. At high irradiances, large differences in photochemical quenching and nonphotochemical quenching of Chi a fluorescence as well as the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were apparent between nitrogen-deficient plants and nitrogen-replete controls, whereas at low irradiances these parameters were comparable in all plants. Light intensity-dependent increases in nonphotochemical quenching were greatest in nitrogen-deficient plants as were the decreases in Fv/Fm ratio. In nitrogen-deficient plants, photochemical quenching decreased with increasing irradiance but remained higher than in controls at high irradiances. Thermal dissipative processes were enhanced as a result of nitrogen deficiency (nonphotochemical quenching was elevated and Fv/ Fm was lowered) allowing PSII to remain relatively oxidised even when carbon metabolism was limited via nitrogen limitation.Strong positive correlations have been found between the photosynthetic capacity of leaves and their nitrogen content, most of which is used for synthesis of components of the photosynthetic apparatus (1,6,23,26). Indeed, the availability of nitrogen limits growth in most environments but the restricted development of nitrogen-deficient plants is usually due to a lower rate of leaf expansion rather than a decline in rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf area (22). Evans and Terashima (6) found that the photosynthetic properties of spinach thylakoid membranes were virtually independent of nitrogen treatments. In this case, nitrogen nutrition affected the amount of thylakoids per unit leaf area but not the properties of the membranes (6,27 of photosynthesis (15,17,23,26,27,30), and the incident quantum yield (17) when nitrate was limiting. In developing maize leaves nitrogen deficiency has been found to result in a significant decrease in photosynthesis with a selective reduction in the levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and a concomitant decrease in level of their respective mRNAs (26). Nitrogen-limited Chiamydomonas cells were found to have a 70% reduction in the Chl content and in this case the Chl a/b ratio increased as a result of Nlimitation (19). Nitrogen-limited plants also accumulate large amounts of carotenoids (12,19). Shade-grown plants grown with limiting nitrogen have been found to be more susceptible to photoinhibition than nitrogen-replete controls (8,25). Damage to the PSII reaction center occurs when the absorption of excitation energy exceeds the capacity for dissipati...

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A quantitative study of the slow decline of chlorophyll a fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts

Cited by 375 publications

References 22 publications

Higher Plant Light‐Harvesting Complexes LHCIIa and LHCIIc are Bound by Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide During Inhibition of Energy Dissipation

Higher Plant Light‐Harvesting Complexes LHCIIa and LHCIIc are Bound by Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide During Inhibition of Energy Dissipation

Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Maize Leaves as a Result of Nitrogen Limitation

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