A Rapid Approach to Measure Extracted Chlorophyll-a from Lettuce Leaves using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Chowdhury, Rakibul Islam; Basak, Rinku; Wahid, Khan A.; Nugent, Katy; Baulch, Helen M.

doi:10.1007/s11270-021-05036-z

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The electrodes were numbered sequentially in the three layers of array and the measurements were carried out in the 3D domain. The type and size of the electrodes were optimized by several experiments considering previous research works [15,33,34]. Steel electrodes were found to be suitable with good current carrying capability and a good correlation was found between the measured impedances and dimensions (length, diameter) of the electrodes.…”

Section: Design Of Eit Sensor Systemmentioning

confidence: 98%

An In Situ Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensor System for Biomass Estimation of Tap Roots

Basak

Wahid

2022

Plants

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Root biomass is one of the most relevant root parameters for studies of plant response to environmental change. In this work, a dynamic and adjustable electrode array sensor system is designed for developing a cost-effective, high-speed data acquisition system based on electrical impedance tomography (EIT). The developed EIT system is found to be suitable for in situ measurements and capable of monitoring the changes in root growth and development with three-dimensional imaging by measuring impedances in multiple frequencies with the help of an EIT sensor. The designed EIT sensor system is assessed and calibrated by the inhomogeneities in both water and soil media. The impedances are measured for multiple tap roots using an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tool connected to the sensor at frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 100 kHz. The changes in conductivity are calculated by obtaining the boundary voltages from the measured impedances for a given stimulation current. A non-invasive imaging method is utilized, and the spectral changes are observed accordingly to evaluate the growth of the roots. A further root analysis helps us estimate the root biomass non-destructively in real-time. The root size (such as, weight, length) is correlated with the measured impedances. A regression analysis is performed using the least square method, and more than 97% correlation is found for the biomass estimation of carrot roots with an RMSE of 4.516. The obtained models are later validated using a new and separate set of carrot root samples and the accuracy of the predicted models is found to be 93% or above. A complete electrode model is utilized, and the reconstruction analysis is performed and optimized by utilizing the impedance imaging technique in difference method. The tomography of the root is reconstructed with finite element method (FEM) modeling considering one-step Gauss–Newton (GN) algorithm which is carried out using an open source software known as electrical impedance and diffuse optical tomography reconstruction software (EIDORS).

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Section: Design Of Eit Sensor Systemmentioning

confidence: 98%

An In Situ Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensor System for Biomass Estimation of Tap Roots

Basak

Wahid

2022

Plants

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“…An automated EIT data acquisition system is developed for the measurements considering 2D and 3D operations, as shown in Figure 2. An EIS tool EVAL-AD5933EBZ was interfaced with Arduino Uno (ATmega328P), EIS data storage (PuTTY), and electrode The size of the domain, number, and location of electrodes in a layer, and type and dimensions of the electrodes were optimized by conducting several experiments considering previous research works [10,29,30]. Steel electrodes were chosen, which were found comparatively less expensive than the other electrodes made by highly conductive materials such as silver, copper, or aluminium.…”

Section: Development Of Eit Data Acquisition Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gain factor varies with the variation of output excitation and physical frequency (f ) for a given sample. Here, re and im are the DFT real and imaginary outputs registered at different frequency codes generated by the physical frequency, f = f clk × Frequency Code/2 29 , where f clk is the master clock frequency of 16.776 MHz for the internal oscillation [32].…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Sensor Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid, Low-Cost, and High-Precision Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography Data Acquisition System for Plant Phenotyping

Basak

Wahid

2022

Remote Sensing

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Plant phenotyping plays an important role for the thorough assessment of plant traits such as growth, development, and physiological processes with the target of achieving higher crop yields by the proper crop management. The assessment can be done by utilizing two- and three-dimensional image reconstructions of the inhomogeneities. The quality of the reconstructed image is required to maintain a high accuracy and a good resolution, and it is desirable to reconstruct the images with the lowest possible noise. In this work, an electrical impedance tomography (EIT) data acquisition system is developed for the reconstruction and evaluation of the inhomogeneities by utilizing a non-destructive method. A high-precision EIT system is developed by designing an electrode array sensor using a cylindrical domain for the measurements in different planes. Different edible plant slices along with multiple plant roots are taken in the EIT domain to assess and calibrate the system, and their reconstructed results are evaluated by utilizing an impedance imaging technique. A non-invasive imaging is carried out in multiple frequencies by utilizing a difference method of reconstruction. The performance and accuracy of the EIT system are evaluated by measuring impedances between 1 and 100 kHz using a low-cost and rapid electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tool connected to the sensor. A finite element method (FEM) modeling is utilized for image reconstruction, which is carried out using electrical impedance and diffuse optical tomography reconstruction software (EIDORS). The reconstruction is made successfully with the optimized results obtained using Gauss–Newton (GN) algorithms.

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Integrating non-invasive VIS-NIR and bioimpedance spectroscopies for stress classification of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with machine learning

Son,

Park,

Lee

et al. 2024

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

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A Rapid Approach to Measure Extracted Chlorophyll-a from Lettuce Leaves using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

An In Situ Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensor System for Biomass Estimation of Tap Roots

An In Situ Electrical Impedance Tomography Sensor System for Biomass Estimation of Tap Roots

A Rapid, Low-Cost, and High-Precision Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography Data Acquisition System for Plant Phenotyping

Integrating non-invasive VIS-NIR and bioimpedance spectroscopies for stress classification of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) with machine learning

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