A Realizable Renewable Energy Future

Turner, John A.

doi:10.1126/science.285.5428.687

Cited by 1,456 publications

(902 citation statements)

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“…One promising alternative to fossil fuels is hydrogen 2,3 (see the article by Joan Ogden, PHYSICS TODAY, April 2002, page 69). Through its reaction with oxygen, hydrogen releases energy explosively in heat engines or quietly in fuel cells to produce water as its only byproduct.…”

Section: Hydrogen As Energy Carriermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hydrogen Economy

2004

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Section: Hydrogen As Energy Carriermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hydrogen Economy

2004

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“…This energy must be produced using sustainable technologies in order for society to continue to prosper indefinitely. Fortunately, advances in science and technology have provided us with several alternative means of producing energy on a sustainable level, such as wind, geothermal, biomass, and solar [10]. Of these means, solar (photovoltaic technology) provides the most widely adaptable applications and converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with the highest efficiencies [11,12].…”

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confidence: 99%

Photovoltaics — a path to sustainable futures

Pearce

2002

Futures

267

155

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As both population and energy use per capita increase, modern society is approaching physical limits to its continued fossil fuel consumption. The immediate limits are set by the planet's ability to adapt to a changing atmospheric chemical composition, not the availability of resources. In order for a future society to be sustainable while operating at or above our current standard of living a shift away from carbon based energy sources must occur. An overview of the current state of active solar (photovoltaic) energy technology is provided here to outline a partial solution for the environmental problems caused by accelerating global energy expenditure. The technical, social, and economic benefits and limitations of photovoltaic technologies to provide electricity in both off-grid and on-grid applications is critically analyzed in the context of this shift in energy sources. It is shown that photovoltaic electrical production is a technologically feasible, economically viable, environmentally benign, sustainable, and socially equitable solution to society's future energy requirements. Keywords IntroductionAlthough global fossil fuel resources have not yet been exhausted, the negative social, health, and environmental impacts of our current unsustainable patterns of energy use are apparent [1,2,3,4,5]. In the future, large-scale alternative methods of producing the vast quantities of energy needed to sustain and enhance our standard of living are necessary [6,7,8]. As Peter Harper proposed, the problem of contemporary society can be stated succinctly: "We need to get (probably) 11 billion people through the transition complex to 'Sustainia', the sustainable state, before irreversible damage is done" [9]. If current trends continue, future society will require increased electrical energy. This energy must be produced using sustainable technologies in order for society to continue to prosper indefinitely. Fortunately, advances in science and technology have provided us with several alternative means of producing energy on a sustainable level, such as wind, geothermal, biomass, and solar [10]. Of these means, solar (photovoltaic technology) provides the most widely adaptable applications and converts sunlight directly into electrical energy with the highest efficiencies [11,12]. This paper will demonstrate

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“…It is non-polluting if it is obtained from renewable sources, and can be easily and efficiently transformed into energy both chemically and electrochemically [2][3][4][5]. In this sense, the most promising technologies to obtain energy are based on fuel cells, with the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) standing out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the metal precursor on the catalytic behavior of Pt/Ceria catalysts in the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H2 (PROX)

Jardim

Rico-Francés

Coloma

et al. 2015

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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The effect of the metal precursor (presence or absence of chlorine) on the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H2 over Pt/CeO2 catalysts has been studied. The catalysts were prepared using (Pt(NH3)4)(NO3)2 and H2PtCl6, as precursors, in order to ascertain the effect of the chlorine species on the chemical properties of the support and on the catalytic behavior of these systems in the PROX reaction. The results show that chloride species exert an important effect on the redox properties of the oxide support due to surface chlorination. Consequently, the chlorinated catalyst exhibits a poorer catalytic activity at low temperatures compared with the chlorine-free catalyst, and this is accompanied by a higher selectivity to CO2 even at high reaction temperatures. It is proposed that the CO oxidation mechanism follows different pathways on each catalyst. This is a previous version of the article published in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2015, 443: 45-55. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2014 3: Graphical Abstract (for review)• The presence or absence of Cl in the Pt precursor strongly affects the catalytic behavior.• The Pt precursor affects the PROX mechanism at low reaction temperatures.• At 333 K, the mechanism in the Cl-free catalyst seems to involve the -OH groups on the support.• At higher temperatures, the reaction occurs via the same mechanism on both catalysts.. Highlights (for review) AbstractThe effect of the metal precursor (presence or absence of chlorine) on the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H 2 over Pt/CeO 2 catalysts has been studied. The catalysts are prepared using (Pt(NH 3 ) 4 )(NO 3 ) 2 and H 2 PtCl 6 , as precursors, in order to ascertain the effect of the chlorine species on the chemical properties of the support and on the catalytic behavior of these systems in the PROX reaction. The results show that chloride species exert an important effect on the redox properties of the oxide support due to surface chlorination. Consequently, the chlorinated catalyst exhibits a poorer catalytic activity at low temperatures compared with the chlorine-free catalyst, and this is accompanied by a higher selectivity to CO 2 even at high reaction temperatures. It is proposed that the CO oxidation mechanism follows different pathways on each catalyst.

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A Realizable Renewable Energy Future

Cited by 1,456 publications

References 2 publications

The Hydrogen Economy

The Hydrogen Economy

Photovoltaics — a path to sustainable futures

Influence of the metal precursor on the catalytic behavior of Pt/Ceria catalysts in the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H2 (PROX)

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