A Reciprocal Link between Oral, Gut Microbiota during Periodontitis: The Potential Role of Probiotics in Reducing Dysbiosis-Induced Inflammation

Abstract

Human body is colonized by a florid microbial community of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, helminths, and viruses, known as microbiota, which co-evolves with the host and influences its health through all stages of its life. It is well known that oral microorganisms form highly structurally and functionally organized multi-species biofilms and establish a network of complex mutual inter-species interactions having a primary function in synergy, signaling, or antagonism. This ecological model allows the microorganisms to increase their resistance to antimicrobial agents and settle a balanced microbes-host symbiotic relationship that ensures oral and global health status in humans. The host-associated microbiome is an important factor in human health and disease. Therefore, to develop novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies, microbiome’s functions and the reciprocal interactions every microbiome entertains with other microbial communities in the human body are being investigated. This review provides an analysis of the literature about the close connection between the two largest microbial communities in humans: the oral and the gut microbiomes. Furthermore, it focuses on how the alteration of their microbial and functional characteristics can lead to and reciprocally influence the onset of both oral and intestinal microbiome-associated illness, along with the potential role of probiotics in ameliorating inflammation and microbial dysbiosis.

Functional Foods: A Promising Strategy for Restoring Gut Microbiota Diversity Impacted by SARS-CoV-2 Variants

“…Probiotics are constituents of edible products that benefit the host when consumed properly and suitably. More probiotic effects are present in plant-based fibers, which promote beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species [94,95]. At the same time, they reduce the growth of harmful pathogens, e.g., Clostridium species.…”

Functional Foods: A Promising Strategy for Restoring Gut Microbiota Diversity Impacted by SARS-CoV-2 Variants

“…Probiotics are constituents of edible products that benefit the host when consumed properly and suitably. More probiotic effects are present in plant-based fibers, which promote beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species [97,98]. At the same time, they reduce the growth of harmful pathogens, e.g., Clostridium species.…”

“…Turmeric is well known for its medicinal properties due to the presence of bioactive compounds classified as curcuminoids, such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin [114]. It has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties [115,116]. Curcumin is effective against covid induced anosmia (loss of smell) and ageusia (loss of taste).…”

Confounding in observational studies evaluating the association between Alzheimer's disease and periodontal disease: A systematic review

“…Periodontitis has been characterized by the progressive destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, with clinical manifestations varying from mild to severe damage resulting from an exacerbated immune response. Understanding periodontitis etiology is challenging given its multicausal nature that involves complex and dynamic interactions between the host's immune system [ 1 ], microbiome [ 2 , 3 ], genomics, lifestyle and environmental factors [ 4 , 5 ]. According to the Global Burden of Diseases, severe periodontitis affects approximately 11% of the adult population worldwide [ 6 ].…”