2016
DOI: 10.1002/2015jc011096
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A reconciliation of empirical and mechanistic models of the air‐sea gas transfer velocity

Abstract: Models of the air‐sea transfer velocity of gases may be either empirical or mechanistic. Extrapolations of empirical models to an unmeasured gas or to another water temperature can be erroneous if the basis of that extrapolation is flawed. This issue is readily demonstrated for the most well‐known empirical gas transfer velocity models where the influence of bubble‐mediated transfer, which can vary between gases, is not explicitly accounted for. Mechanistic models are hindered by an incomplete knowledge of the… Show more

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Cited by 43 publications
(39 citation statements)
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“…The line labeled LM86 is the middle leg of the gas exchange relationship from Liss and Merlivat () that originated from a tracer release experiment in a small sheltered lake by Wanninkhof et al (). The line labeled G‐M16 (Goddijn‐Murphy et al, ) is from eddy covariance measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) over the ocean. Bubble processes have diminishing importance for highly soluble gases because most of the gas is in solution already and DMS is so soluble in water that the contribution to gas exchange from bubbles, even at high winds, is very small.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The line labeled LM86 is the middle leg of the gas exchange relationship from Liss and Merlivat () that originated from a tracer release experiment in a small sheltered lake by Wanninkhof et al (). The line labeled G‐M16 (Goddijn‐Murphy et al, ) is from eddy covariance measurements of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) over the ocean. Bubble processes have diminishing importance for highly soluble gases because most of the gas is in solution already and DMS is so soluble in water that the contribution to gas exchange from bubbles, even at high winds, is very small.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Symbols represent the results from purposeful tracer release experiments (Ho et al, ). Lines are regressions for the mass transfer coefficient as a function of wind speed suggested by Ho et al (; H11) from the purposeful tracer experiments; Goddijn‐Murphy et al (; G‐M16) based on atmosphere eddy correlation measurements of dimethyl sulfide over the ocean; the second limb of the linear correlations of Liss and Merlivat (; LM86), which derive from the purposeful tracer release in a lake (Wanninkhof, 1985); and the formula presented for the COAREG model (Fairall et al, ), which was used in the air‐sea exchange model of Liang et al (, L13).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, almost nothing is known about how large the effects of surfactants on whitecap coverage variability may be. Since whitecap coverage is used as a proxy for estimating bubble‐mediated exchange processes such as sea spray aerosol flux and air‐sea gas exchange [ Monahan et al ., ; Woolf , ; Callaghan , ; Goddijn‐Murphy et al ., ], variations in W that are driven by water chemistry, as opposed to air entrainment, need to be understood and explicitly accounted for in order to improve parameterizations of bubble‐mediated processes.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition to the five parameterizations described above, we calculated the air-sea fluxes using the OceanFlux GHG Evolution combined formula, which is based on knowledge that air-sea exchange is enhanced by air-entraining wave breaking and bubble-mediated transfer, especially for the less soluble gases than CO 2 . Goddijn-Murphy et al (2016) assume a linear wind relationship for dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and an additional bubble-mediated term for less soluble gases, parameterized with whitecap coverage. The resulting air-sea fluxes are higher in absolute terms, than all of the quadratic functions considered in this study, and are closer in value to cubic parameterization.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This decrease on interannual timescales has been confirmed by further studies (Schuster and Watson, 2007) and this trend has continued in recent years north of 40 • N . It is not certain how many of these changes are the result of long-term changes, decadal changes in atmospheric forcing -namely the North Atlantic Oscillation (González-Dávila et al, 2007;Thomas et al, 2008;Gruber, 2009;Watson et al, 2009), or changes in meridional overturning circulations (Pérez et al, 2013). Recent assessments of the Atlantic and the Arctic net sea-air CO 2 fluxes and the global ocean net carbon uptake show that the cause is still unknown.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%