A restatement and test of Schlosberg's theory of emotion with two kinds of subjects from Greece.

The cross-cultural study of emotions

“…Triandis and Lambert (1958) compared the responses to photographs of a professional actress of American college students and two kinds of Greek subjects. Few of the studies done in the subsequent 20 years have matched this sophistication.…”

Dimensionality of the Semantic Space for Communication via Facial Expressions

“…The recent history of this problem has not been concerned so much with reliability of judgments as with the nature, number and independence of the dimensions involved. Using the Lightfoot Series and Greek subjects, Triandis & Lambert (1958) found that the Schlosberg dimensions could be used reliably cross-culturally, but that the shape of the hypothetical emotion solid (i.e., the orientation of the dimensions) was Merent for Greeks than for students at Brown University. Using a new series of 27 poses (which may be called the Ristola Series after the actor) and a somewhat different method o f multidimensional analysis, Nummenmaa & Kauranne (1958) concluded that two bipolar dimensions, Pleasure-Anger and Surprise-Rejec-tion, were sufficient.…”

Nonverbal communication in crosscultural counseling: A literature review

“…In recognition ablhty, but their accuracy of expression was lower for all expressions except happy and friendly This particular finding may be a result of what Ekman calls display rules (1973) Another difference was that the Japanese distinguished more clearly between sad and depressed than the other groups, though they failed to differentiate between happy and friendly or between angry and hostile expressions Overall, however, the results supported the view that there are universal patterns of facial expression Dickey and Knower (1941) compared the ability of Mexican and American children to recognize emotion expressions School children in Mexico City and in Mlnneapohs were asked to judge two flash card sets of 11 emotion expressions simulated by a man and a woman The results of the study showed that Mexican children were significantly better at recognition of these expressions, with the exception of the expression of laughter The results are the more interesting in view of the fact that the pictures and judging sheets used were developed by Americans for Americans Kllbrlde and Yarczower (1976) conducted research comparing emotion recognition of Americans with that of the Baganda, the largest tribe in Uganda All American subjects were white children The Baganda group consisted of 85 school-going boys and girls in the seven to 15 age group, 15 male and female college students, and 18 minimally educated Baganda between the ages of 18 and 77 Each subject was asked to identify happy and sad expressions from five series of stylized drawings The results of this study showed crosscultural agreement between American children and Baganda children and adults on the recognition of happy and sad expressions, though the happy expression was more easily identified than the sad one This last finding coincides with those of Izard mentioned above However, where special features were added to the drawings, -red dress, teeth, and tears -some cultural differences were found Graham and Argyle (1975) conducted two experiments using English, Northern Italian, and Southern Italian umverslty students as subjects Encoders from each culture role-played specific emotions (happy, sad, angry, fear/anxiety, surprise, interest, and disgust) as well as degrees of two dimensions of emotion (sleep-tension, pleasant-unpleasant) that were video taped to show (a) the face only, (b) the body only, (c) both face and body Rather than investigating crosscultural trends, this study consisted of parallel experiments in each culture, so that decoders from the same culture as the encoders identified the emotions The results showed that for all cultural groups involved, the face alone was most expressive in conveying the seven separate emotions as well as the pleasant-unpleasant dimension These data suggest that for neither the English nor the Italians, do body movements play a big part In the communication of emotions Bond and Komai (1976) tested the effects of one type of NV behavior, gaze and eye contact, on Japanese lnteractants Two interviewers and 18 interviewee subjects were given specific instructions regarding their eye behavior, so that four situations of two minutes each were alternately created eye contact (mutual gaze), subject gazing at interviewer, interviewer gazing at subject, and no gazing by either party The finding of the study was that being gazed at did affect the NV behavior of the interviewee A general reduction took place In hand gestures, torso movements, and average response latency A study using American subjects by T Engen, N Levy and H Schlosberg is repeated by Trlandls and Lambert (1958) using two groups of subjects from Greece In Schlosberg's theory (1944…”