A review: Development of magnetic nano vectors for biomedical applications

Abstract

The study of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is an emergent field of science in this era due to their widespread utilization in the various fields of biomedical science. Developing concerns of magnetic nanoparticles in the researcher’s field led to design a huge number of MNPs including individual or binary metallic particles, oxides, (ferrites), biopolymer coated composites, metallic carbides and graphene mediated nanoparticles. Numerous synthetic routes are defined in literature to attain the desired size, crystal structure, morphology and magnetic properties. To build up biocompatibility, MNPs subjected to surface treatments by coating with some suitable organic or inorganic biomaterials which not only improves its physical characteristics but also elevate its chemical stability. These biomaterials coat either isolatly or in a combined state to enhance the colloidal stability, magnetic properties as well as prevent it cytotoxicity and surface corrosion in the biological media. These properties are essential for the particles and empowering their effectiveness in various biomedical science i.e., drug delivery Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, biosensors and gene therapy etc. Current review recapitulates the verdicts of previous research on the subject of magnetic nanoparticles. It will also explain the recent advancements of biomaterials that execute a dynamic role in various medical treatments. Our main focus is to report the particle types, design and properties as well as discussing various synthetic routes including sol gel, co-precipitation, microemulsion, green synthesis, sonochemical method and polyol synthesis etc. These methods produced particles of excellent yield with unique magnetic properties, coercivity and crystallinity and enhanced biocompatibility as compared to traditional methods used to develop MNPs.

Recent Advances in the Development of Drug Delivery Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials

“…Pure metal type materials exhibit some unique properties, with some of them directly dependent on the distribution of electrons in the external orbitals, and magnetic behavior is one of these properties. Transition metals, such as Fe, Ni, Co, and Mn, are the most commonly used in this class because they show good magnetic performance in several biomedical fields [ 39 ].…”

“…From the general class of metal oxides, iron oxide distinguishes itself as a material with excellent magnetic properties and low toxicity compared to pure metallic forms, which, due to its unique physio-chemical properties, has potential applications in nanotechnology [ 39 ]. Over time, metal oxides have gained popularity in biomedical applications due to their physicochemical and mechanical stability, low toxicity, and biocompatibility but also for their efficiency in some special areas of biomedical science such as magnetic bio-separation of some species of interest, magnetic hyperthermia, drug carriers at target sites, and bio sensing [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Green Synthesis of TiO₂ Nanoparticle in <i>Morus nigra</i> Leaves; Characterization and Biological Potential

“…The plants contain biological components (such as carbohydrates, proteins, and coenzyme) that have exceptional potential to reduce the metallic salts into metal/metal oxide NPs [8] and also regulate morphology of NPs [9]. The metal/metal oxide NPs find numerous applications e.g., in purification of air and water, medical technology, energy storage, biosensors [10], photocatalytic, anti-termite [11], biomedical [12], antibacterial, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic activity. The properties of NPs are determined by their sizes, shapes, composition, morphology and crystalline phase [3].…”

Green Synthesis of NiO Nanoparticles Using the Shell Waste of Prunus dulcis: their Characterization and Electrochemical Studies

“…Nanotechnology plays an important role in different disciplines of life [1], including water treatment [2], biomedical services [3], drug delivery [4], photoelectrochemical applications, catalysis [5], cosmetics [6], optics [7], etc. Currently, the green synthetic methodology is a fast-growing approach that involves the use of numerous organisms or plants for the synthesis of NPs [8].…”