A Review of 12 Commonly Used Medicinal Herbs

O’Hara, MaryAnn; Kiefer, David; Farrell, Kimberly; Kemper, Kathi J.

doi:10.1001/archfami.7.6.523

Cited by 398 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Both experimental data, and data from controlled clinical trials, suggest that garlic preparations may lower lipid levels and have anti-hypertensive and anti-coagulant properties, which could lower cardiovascular risk factors for patients (Stevinson et al, 2000, Ried et al, 2008, Rahman, 2007, O'hara et al, 1998. The efficacy of garlic and its derivatives have been linked to the generation of organosulfurs, such as monosulfides, polysulfides, and ajoenes, by the body in response to the alliin contained in garlic (Iciek et al, 2009, Rose et al, 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, data on the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines are often incomplete (O'hara et al, 1998(O'hara et al, , Bent, 2008. Furthermore, drug interactions between herbal medicines and prescription or over-the-counter medications can be hazardous in some cases (Izzo and Ernst, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, St John's Wort has been shown to decrease the efficacy of several drugs, including oral contraceptives (Schwarz et al, 2003) and HIV protease inhibitors (Piscitelli et al, 2000). In these cases, the induction of several cytochrome P450 drug metabolizing enzymes and the intestinal efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (PGP) have been detected (Dürr et al, 2000).Both experimental data, and data from controlled clinical trials, suggest that garlic preparations may lower lipid levels and have anti-hypertensive and anti-coagulant properties, which could lower cardiovascular risk factors for patients (Stevinson et al, 2000, Ried et al, 2008, Rahman, 2007, O'hara et al, 1998. The efficacy of garlic and its derivatives have been linked to the generation of organosulfurs, such as monosulfides, polysulfides, and ajoenes, by the body in response to the alliin contained in garlic (Iciek et al, 2009, Rose et al, 2005.…”

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Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans

Hajda

Rentsch

Gubler

et al. 2010

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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; Fattinger, K (2010). Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans. Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans AbstractGarlic extracts have been shown to decrease drug exposure for saquinavir, a P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate. In order to explore the underlying mechanisms and to study the effects of garlic on pre-systemic drug elimination, healthy volunteers were administered garlic extract for 21 days. Prior to and at the end of this period, expression of duodenal P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 protein were assayed and normalized to villin, while hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 function and simvastatin, pravastatin and saquinavir pharmacokinetics were also evaluated. Ingestion of garlic extract increased expression of duodenal P-glycoprotein to 131% (95% CI, 105-163%), without increasing the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 which amounted to 87% (95% CI, 67-112%), relative to baseline in both cases. For the erythromycin breath test performed, the average result was 96% (95% CI, 83-112%). Ingestion of garlic extract had no effect on drug and metabolite AUCs following a single dose of simvastatin or pravastatin, although the average area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) of saquinavir decreased to 85% (95% CI, 66-109%), and changes in intestinal P-glycoprotein expression negatively correlated with this change. In conclusion, garlic extract induces intestinal expression of P-glycoprotein independent of cytochrome P450 3A4 in human intestine and liver. Accepted ManuscriptTitle: Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractGarlic extracts have been shown to decrease drug exposure for saquinavir, a P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 substrate. In order to explore the underlying mechanisms and to study the effects of garlic on pre-systemic drug elimination, healthy volunteers were administered garlic extract for 21 days. Prior to and at the end of this period, expression of duodenal P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 protein were assayed and normalized to villin, while hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 function and simvastatin, pravastatin and saquinavir pharmacokinetics were also evaluated. Ingestion of garlic extract increased expression of duodenal P-glycoprotein to 131% (95%CI, 105-163%), without increasing the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 which amounted to 87% (95%CI, 67-112%), relative to baseli...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans

Hajda

Rentsch

Gubler

et al. 2010

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…In laboratory animals, the gingerols increase the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and have analgesic, sedative, antipyretic and antibacterial properties. [103] [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger. Ginger contains up to three percent of a fragrant essential oil whose main constituents are sesquiterpenoids, with (-)-zingiberene as the main component.…”

Section: Rubiatinctorum (Common Madder)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatoprotective Models and Various Natural Product Used in Hepatoprotective Agents: a Review

Bansal¹,

Kumar²,

Malviya³

et al. 2014

Phcog Commn.

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“…In recent years, it is increasingly popular in western society as an 'over-the counter' herbal supplement and in prescription drugs (Landes, 1997;O'Hara et al, 1998). A standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) contains 24% ginkgo-flavone glycosides and 6% terpenoids (Drieu, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761 Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Measured by Fear-Potentiated Startle

Yang

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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A standard extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) has been used in the treatment of various common geriatric complaints including vertigo, short-term memory loss, hearing loss, lack of attention, or vigilance. We demonstrated that acute systemic administration of EGb761 facilitated the acquisition of conditioned fear. Many studies suggest the neural mechanism underlies extinction is similar to the acquisition. This raises a possibility that EGb761 may modulate and accelerate the fear extinction process. We tested this possibility by using fearpotentiated startle (FPS) on laboratory rats. Acute systemic injection of EGb761 (10, 20, or 50 mg/kg) 30 min before extinction training facilitated extinction in a dose-dependent manner. Intra-amygdaloid infusion of EGb761 (28 ng/side, bilaterally) 10 min before extinction training also facilitated extinction. Control experiments showed that facilitation effect of EGb761 was not the result of impaired expression of conditioned fear or accelerated forgetting. Rats previously injected with EGb761 showed significant FPS after retraining. Extinction of conditioned fear appeared to result from acute drug effects rather than from toxic action. Systemic administration of EGb761 immediately after extinction training did not facilitate extinction, suggested the EGb761 facilitation effect is contributed to the acquisition phase of extinction learning. Western blot results showed that extinction induced amygdaloid extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was significantly elevated by EGb761 treatment. Intra-amygdala injection of ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 completely blocked the EGb761 effect. Therefore, acute EGb761 administration modulated extinction of conditioned fear by activating ERK1/2.

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A Review of 12 Commonly Used Medicinal Herbs

Cited by 398 publications

References 77 publications

Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans

Garlic extract induces intestinal P-glycoprotein, but exhibits no effect on intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in humans

Hepatoprotective Models and Various Natural Product Used in Hepatoprotective Agents: a Review

Extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb761 Facilitates Extinction of Conditioned Fear Measured by Fear-Potentiated Startle

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