A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K

Yang, Xi‐Ding; Yang, Yong‐Yu; Ouyang, Dongsheng; Yang, Guoping

doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.019

Cited by 219 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 95 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

174

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…It is likely that ginsenoside Rb 1 was biotransformed into compound K via gastrointestinal microbiota. This biotransformation appears to contribute to the reported pharmacological effects of American ginseng and compound K [25, 26]. The high number of metabolites detected in feces from this study is consistent with our previous in vitro human intestinal microflora investigation [16].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Wan

Wang

Liu

et al. 2016

Journal of Chromatography B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

American ginseng is a commonly consumed herbal medicine in the United States and other countries. Ginseng saponins are considered to be its active constituents. We have previously demonstrated in an in vitro experiment that human enteric microbiota metabolize ginseng parent compounds into their metabolites. In this study, we analyzed American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). Six healthy male volunteers ingested 1 g of American ginseng twice a day for 7 days. On day 7, biological samples were obtained and pretreated with solid phase extraction. The ginseng constituents and their metabolites were characterized, including 5 ginseng metabolites in plasma, 10 in urine, and 16 in feces. For the plasma, urine and feces samples, the levels of ginsenoside Rb1 (a major parent compound) were 8.6, 56.8 and 57.7 ng/mL, respectively, and the levels of compound K (a major metabolite) were 58.4 ng/mL, 109.8 ng/mL and 10.06 μg/mL, respectively. It suggested that compound K had a remarkably high level in all three samples. Moreover, in human feces, ginsenoside Rk1 and Rg5, Rk3 and Rh4, Rg6 and F4 were detected as the products of dehydration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the identified ginseng metabolites.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Wan

Wang

Liu

et al. 2016

Journal of Chromatography B

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In recent years, CK (also referred as 20-O-(D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, IH901, or compound M1) has gained special attention owing to its unique biological properties. [33][34][35] In our study, CK reduced cell viability to ~50% at 25 µM after 48 hours ( Figure 8A). In contrast, CK decreased the cell viability to 20% at 25 µM after 48 hours when combined with D-AgNPs ( Figure 8B) or D-AuNPs ( Figure 8C) at 50 µg/mL.…”

Section: In Vitro Cytotoxicity Of D-agnps and D-aunps In Lung Cancer supporting

confidence: 51%

Rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using<em> Dendropanax morbifera</em> leaf extract and their anticancer activities

Kim¹,

Wang²,

Mathiyalagan³

et al. 2016

IJN

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dendropanax morbifera Léveille is an oriental medicinal plant that is traditionally used in folk medicine and grows in a specific region of South Korea. We aimed to enhance the utilization of D. morbifera medicinal plants for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). D. morbifera leaf extract acted as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent that rapidly synthesized Dendropanax AgNPs (D-AgNPs) and Dendropanax AuNPs (D-AuNPs). The D-AgNPs and D-AuNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, elemental mapping, field emission transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering. The characterizations revealed that the D-AgNPs and D-AuNPs were in polygon and hexagon shapes with average sizes of 100–150 nm and 10–20 nm, respectively. The important outcomes were the synthesis of AgNPs and AuNPs within 1 hour and 3 minutes, respectively, avoiding the subsequent processing for removal of any toxic components or for stabilizing the nanoparticles. Additionally, D-AgNPs and D-AuNPs were examined for cytotoxicity in a human keratinocyte cell line and in A549 human lung cancer cell line. The results indicated that D-AgNPs exhibited less cytotoxicity in the human keratinocyte cell line at 100 µg/mL after 48 hours. On the other hand, D-AgNPs showed potent cytotoxicity in the lung cancer cells at the same concentration after 48 hours, whereas D-AuNPs did not exhibit cytotoxicity in both cell lines at the same concentration. However, both D-AgNPs and D-AuNPs at 50 µg/mL enhanced the cytotoxicity of ginsenoside compound K at 25 µM after 48 hours of treatment compared with CK alone. We believe that this rapid green synthesis of D-AgNPs and D-AuNPs is a valuable addition to the applications of D. morbifera medicinal plant. D-AuNPs can be used as carriers for drug delivery and in cancer therapy due to their lack of normal cell cytotoxicity.

show abstract

“…2,3 Compound K (CK) is one of the major metabolites of ginsenosides that exhibits maximal antitumor effect. 4,5 However, its low water solubility, poor permeability, and significant P-gp efflux restrict its application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascorbyl palmitate/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate monoester mixed micelles for prolonged circulation and targeted delivery of compound K for antilung cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo

Zhang¹,

Deyin²,

Che³

et al. 2017

IJN

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K

Cited by 219 publications

References 95 publications

Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using<em> Dendropanax morbifera</em> leaf extract and their anticancer activities

Ascorbyl palmitate/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate monoester mixed micelles for prolonged circulation and targeted delivery of compound K for antilung cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K

Cited by 219 publications

References 95 publications

Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Determination of American ginseng saponins and their metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces samples by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Rapid green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using<em> Dendropanax morbifera</em> leaf extract and their anticancer activities

Ascorbyl palmitate/d-&alpha;-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate monoester mixed micelles for prolonged circulation and targeted delivery of compound K for antilung cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Ascorbyl palmitate/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate monoester mixed micelles for prolonged circulation and targeted delivery of compound K for antilung cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo