A Review of Cell Equalization Methods for Lithium Ion and Lithium Polymer Battery Systems

Moore, Samuel K.; Schneider, Peter

doi:10.4271/2001-01-0959

Cited by 276 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…When designing ABMSs for battery packs with series-connected cells, a cell-wise balancing must be ensured during charging. 43,44 LIONSIMBA can support the user in this task by providing a full independent parametrization of each cell of the series. If the param array contains a multiple parameters structure, the software will perform a simulation of a battery pack composed of several cells connected in series as shown in Battery pack of series-connected cells section.…”

Section: Li-ion Simulation Battery Toolbox (Lionsimba)mentioning

confidence: 99%

LIONSIMBA: A Matlab Framework Based on a Finite Volume Model Suitable for Li-Ion Battery Design, Simulation, and Control

Torchio

Magni

Gopaluni

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

235

171

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Consumer electronics, wearable and personal health devices, power networks, microgrids, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are some of the many applications of lithium-ion batteries. Their optimal design and management are important for safe and profitable operations. The use of accurate mathematical models can help in achieving the best performance. This article provides a detailed description of a finite volume method (FVM) for a pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) Li-ion battery model suitable for the development of model-based advanced battery management systems. The objectives of this work are to provide: (i) a detailed description of the model formulation, (ii) a parametrizable Matlab framework for battery design, simulation, and control of Li-ion cells or battery packs, (iii) a validation of the proposed numerical implementation with respect to the COMSOL MultiPhysics commercial software and the Newman's DUALFOIL code, and (iv) some demonstrative simulations involving thermal dynamics, a hybrid charge-discharge cycle emulating the throttle of an HEV, a model predictive control of state of charge, and a battery pack simulation. The increasing demand for portable devices (e.g., smartphones) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) calls for the design and management of storage devices of high power density and reduced size and weight. During the many decades of research, different chemistries of batteries have been developed, such as Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH), Lead Acid and Lithium ion (Li-ion) and Lithium ion Polymer (Li-Poly) (e.g., see Refs. 1-4). Among electrochemical accumulators, Li-ion batteries provide one of the best tradeoff in terms of power density, low weight, cell voltage, and low self-discharge. 5 Mathematical models can support the design of new batteries as well as the development of new advanced battery management systems (ABMS). [6][7][8] According to the literature, mathematical models for Li-ion battery dynamics fall within two main categories: Equivalent Circuit Models (ECMs) and Electrochemical Models (EMs). ECMs use only electrical components to model the dynamic behavior of the battery. ECMs include (i) the R int model where only a resistance and a voltage source are used to model the battery, (ii) the RC model (introduced by the company SAFT 9 ) where capacitor dynamics have been added to the R int model, 10 and (iii) the Thevenin model, which is an extension of the RC model (e.g., see Refs. 11, 12 and references therein). In contrast, EMs explicitly represent the chemical processes that take place in the battery. While ECMs have the advantage of simplicity, EMs are more accurate due to their ability to describe detailed physical phenomena. 13 The most widely used EM in the literature is the porous electrode theory-based pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model, 14 which is described by a set of tightly coupled and highly nonlinear partial differential-algebraic equations (PDAEs). In order to exploit the model for simulation and design purposes, the set of PDAEs are reformu...

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Section: Li-ion Simulation Battery Toolbox (Lionsimba)mentioning

confidence: 99%

LIONSIMBA: A Matlab Framework Based on a Finite Volume Model Suitable for Li-Ion Battery Design, Simulation, and Control

Torchio

Magni

Gopaluni

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

235

171

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Quite a lot of cell balancing/equalization methods have been proposed such . Furthermore, these BMS are reviewed in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The passive balancing methods remove the excess charge from the fully charged cell(s) through a passive element, resistor, until the charge matches those of the lower cells in the battery pack or matches a charge reference. The resistor element will be either in fixed mode such as [7,8] or in switched mode according the system as presented in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Battery Management System—Balancing Modularization Based on a Single Switched Capacitor and Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter with the Auxiliary Battery

et al. 2014

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Lithium-based batteries are considered as the most advanced batteries technology, which can be designed for high energy or high power storage systems. However, the battery cells are never fully identical due to the fabrication process, surrounding environment factors and differences between the cells tend to grow if no measures are taken. In order to have a high performance battery system, the battery cells should be continuously balanced for maintain the variation between the cells as small as possible. Without an appropriate balancing system, the individual cell voltages will differ over time and battery system capacity will decrease quickly. These issues will limit the electric range of the electric vehicle (EV) and some cells will undergo higher stress, whereby the cycle life of these cells will be shorter. Quite a lot of cell balancing/equalization topologies have been previously proposed. These balancing topologies can be categorized into passive and active balancing. Active topologies are categorized according to the active element used for storing the energy such as capacitor and/or inductive component as well as controlling switches or converters. This paper proposes an intelligent battery management system (BMS) including a battery pack charging and discharging control with a battery pack thermal management system. The BMS user input/output interfacing. The battery balancing system is based on battery pack modularization architecture. The proposed modularized balancing system has different equalization systems that operate inside and outside the modules. Innovative single switched capacitor (SSC) control strategy is proposed to balance between OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 2898 the battery cells in the module (inside module balancing, IMB). Novel utilization of isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter (IBC) is proposed to balance between the modules with the aid of the EV auxiliary battery (AB). Finally an experimental step-up has been implemented for the validation of the proposed balancing system.

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“…Nowadays, a lot of equalization structures and balancing strategies have been proposed [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], and summarized in [2,15]. In considerations of energy consumption and transformation, they can be divided into dissipative balancing circuits [4] or non-dissipative balancing circuits [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing Control Strategy for Li-Ion Batteries String Based on Dynamic Balanced Point

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2015

Energies

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Abstract:The Li-ion battery is becoming the optimal choice for the Electric Vehicle's (EV) power supply. In order to protect the Li-ion battery from charging damage and to prolong the battery's life, a special control strategy based on the dynamic balanced point along with a non-dissipative equalizer is presented. The main focus of the proposed control strategy is to insure that the individual cell of a battery pack will be rapidly, efficiently and simultaneously balanced, by adjusting equalizing current of each cell dynamically. In this paper, a model of a four series connected Li-ion batteries pack has been established to evaluate the proposed control strategy. Superior performance is demonstrated by the simulation and experiment.

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A Review of Cell Equalization Methods for Lithium Ion and Lithium Polymer Battery Systems

Cited by 276 publications

References 1 publication

LIONSIMBA: A Matlab Framework Based on a Finite Volume Model Suitable for Li-Ion Battery Design, Simulation, and Control

LIONSIMBA: A Matlab Framework Based on a Finite Volume Model Suitable for Li-Ion Battery Design, Simulation, and Control

Battery Management System—Balancing Modularization Based on a Single Switched Capacitor and Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter with the Auxiliary Battery

Balancing Control Strategy for Li-Ion Batteries String Based on Dynamic Balanced Point

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