A Review of Comparative Study on The Effect of Hydroxyl Gas in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) On Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

Abstract

This introductory study comes up with an innovative idea of using Hydroxyl gas as a fuel performance enhancer to reduce the natural sources and the overuse of fossil fuel resulting in increased pollution levels. Many researchers have used HHO gas to analyze gasoline and diesel in internal combustion engines. The main challenges of using HHO gas in engines have been identified as system complexity, safety, cost, and electrolysis efficiency. This article focuses on different performance reports and the emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. As opposed to general diesel, this study found that using HHO gas improved brake power and torque. In all cases, an increase in braking thermal efficiency can be observed. This was due to the presence of hydrogen in HHO gas with higher calorific value than fossil fuels. At the same time, the fuel consumption unit of the engine was reduced, and the combined impact of hydrogen and oxygen helped to achieve complete combustion and improved the combustion capacity of the fuel when HHO gas was injected. The addition of HHO gas also improved the Brake Power (BP), Brake Torque (BT), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), and thermal efficiency while simultaneously reducing CO and HC formation. The rise in CO2 emissions represented the completion of combustion. Therefore, the usage of HHO gas in the Compression Ignition (CI) engine improved the engine performance and exhaust emissions.

Performance Comparison of Wet Cell HHO Generator with Galvanized Steel and Stainless Steel Electrodes

“…Banyak penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa pembakaran sumber energi fosil ini menghasilkan gas berbahaya seperti Karbon Monoksida (CO), Karbon Dioksida (CO 2 ), Nitrogen Oksida (NO x ), dan Hidrokarbon (HC). Efek buruk dari gas berbahaya ini dapat menimbulkan pemanasan global, hujan asam, dan berbagai permasalahan kesehatan [2].…”

“…Generator HHO sel basah (wet cell) dan sel kering (dry cell) adalah dua jenis generator HHO berbeda yang dapat menghasilkan gas HHO. Elektroda pada sel basah direndam dalam elektrolit yang ditempatkan dalam sebuah wadah [2]. Sementara elektroda pada sel kering tidak terendam elektrolit sepenuhnya, dan elektrolit mengisi celah celah antar elektroda melalui sebuah saluran [6].…”

“…Dalam proses produksi gas HHO, kombinasi parameter fisik dan operasional sangat perlu untuk diperhatikan. Beberapa parameter fisik yang paling signifikan dalam proses produksi gas HHO adalah jenis material elektroda, susunan elektroda, jumlah elektoda dan plat netral, jarak antar elektroda, cross-section area, tipe elektroda (dimensi dan bentuk) [2], jenis dan kosentrasi elektrolit [7].…”

“…Umumnya sebuah generator HHO menggunakan bahan konduktif sebagai elektoda. Besi, stainless steel, grafit, dan tembaga merupakan bahan konduktif yang sering digunakan sebagai elektroda pada generator HHO [2]. Diantara keempat material tersebut, stainless stell yang paling banyak ditemukan, karena dianggap paling sesuai sebagai elektroda pada generator HHO.…”

Metals and Alloys Additives as Enhancer for Rocket Propulsion: A Review

“…In contrast to liquid rockets, the propellants in solid rockets are mixed and loaded into a rigid container. A hybrid rocket, on the other hand, combines solid fuel with a liquid or gas oxidizer [3,6]. It can be described as a rocket engine category in which the solid fuel is a polymer material and the oxidizer is a liquid or gaseous material.…”