A Review of Control Strategies in Closed-Loop Neuroprosthetic Systems

Abstract

It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improved performance of tasks, better usability, and greater embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. However, the interdisciplinary work on neuroprosthetic systems can lead to miscommunication due to similarities in well-established nomenclature in different fields. Here we present a review of control strategies in existing experimental, investigational and clinical neuroprosthetic systems in order to establish a baseline and promote a common understanding of different feedback modes and closed-loop controllers. The first section provides a brief discussion of feedback control and control theory. The second section reviews the control strategies of recent Brain Machine Interfaces, neuromodulatory implants, neuroprosthetic systems, and assistive neurorobotic devices. The final section examines the different approaches to feedback in current neuroprosthetic and neurorobotic systems.

Embedded System for Prosthetic Control Using Implanted Neuromuscular Interfaces Accessed Via an Osseointegrated Implant

“…This Osseointegrated Human-Machine Gateway (OHMG) combines the benefits of skeletal attachment with the reliability and increased information provided by implanted muscular electrodes [13], [14]. The first attempts on using implanted electrodes to restore sensory feedback were conducted over 40 years ago [15], and several others were reported more recently [16][17][18][19]. Despite the efforts, close-loop control has not been achieved yet in activities of the daily living arguably due to the lack of a suitable communication interface.…”

Cortical stimulation in aphasia following ischemic stroke: toward model-guided electrical neuromodulation

“…The future work will decide whether this reconstruction increases the residual connectivity and lead to a form of network repair (i.e., neuroregeneration) or if reconstruction increases the neuroplasticity (i.e., synaptic long-term potentiation in Balossier et al 2016). Today, adaptive, responsive and closed-loop stimulation systems are the focus of intense discussion (Zanos 2018;Hazan and Ziv 2017;Hoang et al 2017;Levi et al 2018;Parastarfeizabadi and Kouzani 2017;Sun and Morrell 2014;Wright et al 2016). Closed-loop stimulation systems record specific signals, and adjustments of stimulation settings are performed in real time based on the ongoing neurophysiological variations.…”

System on Chip for Closed Loop Neuromodulation Based on Dual Mode Biosignals

“…Closed loop involves autonomous decisions based on physiological events, hence it tends to be more patientspecific. Closed loop neuromodulation therapies have been demonstrated to be more efficient than open loop [4], [5].…”