A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants

Xiong, Ping; Yan, Xueting; Zhu, Qingqing; Qu, Guangbo; Shi, Jianbo; Liao, Chunyang; Jiang, Guibin

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b03159

Cited by 272 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…It has been reported that a major issue with DecaBDE is its ability to be degraded by UV to the known toxic penta- and octa-congeners [ 8 , 14 , 15 ], which again suggests that there are differences of C–Br bond energies within the same molecule. Obviously if BrFRs are to be able to be biologically degraded to non-toxic products, the means of either weakening C–Br bonds and /or rendering them more amenable to enzymatic reduction to bromide ions should be better understood.…”

Section: Organobromine Flame Retardants—environmental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xiong et al [ 8 ] have recently reviewed the whole issue regarding the fate of a number of brominated flame retardants in the environment including literature regarding their exposure in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum. Furthermore, they review the effects of photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation.…”

Section: Organobromine Flame Retardants—environmental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the past 15 years or so, principal environmental concerns have included bioaccumulation, which has been observed across the world’s continents [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] including the Antarctic [ 12 ] and Arctic regions [ 13 ], and the degradation into ecotoxicological congeners in the case of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by exposure to UV [ 14 , 15 , 16 ] and microbiological agents [ 8 , 17 , 18 ], for example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Horrocks

2020

Polymers

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This review considers the challenge of developing sustainable organobromine flame retardants (BrFRs) and alternative synergists to the predominantly used antimony III oxide. Current BrFR efficiencies are reviewed for textile coatings and back-coatings with a focus on furnishing and similar fabrics covering underlying flammable fillings, such as flexible polyurethane foam. The difficulty of replacing them with non-halogen-containing systems is also reviewed with major disadvantages including their extreme specificity with regard to a given textile type and poor durability.The possibility of replacing currently used BrFRs for textiles structures that mimic naturally occurring organobromine-containing species is discussed, noting that of the nearly 2000 such species identified in both marine and terrestrial environments, a significant number are functionalised polybrominated diphenyl ethers, which form part of a series of little understood biosynthetic biodegradation cycles.The continued use of antimony III oxide as synergist and possible replacement by alternatives, such as the commercially available zinc stannates and the recently identified zinc tungstate, are discussed. Both are effective as synergists and smoke suppressants, but unlike Sb203, they have efficiencies dependent on BrFR chemistry and polymer matrix or textile structure. Furthermore, their effectiveness in textile coatings has yet to be more fully assessed.In conclusion, it is proposed that the future of sustainable BrFRs should be based on naturally occurring polybrominated structures developed in conjunction with non-toxic, smoke-suppressing synergists such as the zinc stannates or zinc tungstate, which have been carefully tailored for given polymeric and textile substrates.

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Section: Organobromine Flame Retardants—environmental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Organobromine Flame Retardants—environmental Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Horrocks

2020

Polymers

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“…2021, 11, 3837 2 of 12 in production and usage in 2001, while more recent information is not readily available [15]. Increasing use of DBDPE and BTBPE as flame retardants has resulted in their frequent and widespread occurrences in various environments [16]. DBDPE and BTBPE have been detected in Chinese wastewater at levels up to 22.3 ng/L and 2.2 ng/L, respectively [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Sex Hormone-Disruption Effects of Two Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (DBDPE and BTBPE) in Male Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Two Human Cell Lines (H295R and MVLN)

et al. 2021

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Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromo-phenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) are novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and have been detected in variety of environment and biota. Although sex endocrine-disrupting potential has been suggested in experimental studies, their adverse effects on sex steroid hormones and underlying mechanisms are largely unclear. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the sex hormone-disrupting effects of two NBFRs using in vivo and in vitro models together. For this, male zebrafish (Danio rerio) along with human adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R) and breast carcinoma (MVLN) cell lines were employed. In male zebrafish, 14-day exposure to DBDPE significantly increased 17β-estradiol (E2) concentrations. Disruption of sex hormone regulation was also suggested after exposure to BTBPE, i.e., the increasing trend of E2 levels, E2/11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) ratio, and estrogen receptor-alpha (erα) and erβ gene expression levels. In H295R cells, an E2/T ratio showed an increasing trend by DBDPE exposure, but transcriptions of major genes in steroidogenesis pathway were not affected. Taken together, our observation implies that two NBFRs could cause the sex hormone disruption potential in male zebrafish and H295R cells but probably not through alteration of steroidogenesis pathway.

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“…However, the presence of bromine in BFRs leads to many challenges whether on health and safety, due to their toxicity, or on their proper disposal or recycling. Indeed, the occurrence of most BFRs in various environmental matrices can cause adverse effects on diverse organisms through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption and genotoxicity (Kim et al, 2014;Xiong et al, 2019). Incineration has the disadvantage of generating corrosive or gases and possibly highly toxic dioxins (Sakai et al, 2001;Ni et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-line spectroscopic study of brominated flame retardant extraction in supercritical CO2

et al. 2021

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Extraction of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from polymers before disposal or recycling will alleviate negative environmental effects and ensure safe usage of recycled products. Supercritical CO2 is appealing as solvent owing to its green properties but also challenging due to its limited solvation power towards polar molecules. For a more comprehensive evaluation of supercritical extraction potentialities, we (i) developed an on-line analytical technique compatible with both UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopies to enable kinetic and thermodynamic studies; (ii) studied kinetic extraction of three conventional and two novel BFRs. Concentration at saturation were determined by gravimetric method or X-ray fluorescence. When compared to UV-vis, FTIR exhibited a higher applicability to follow BFR extraction's time-dependency binary and ternary systems. Faster stirring speed, higher temperature, and finer particle size were found to accelerate overall extraction kinetics. In 2 binary systems, times required to achieve equilibrium for each BFR were less than 2 hours at 60 °C, 25 MPa and 1000 rpm. In ternary systems with the presence of cosolvent (water) or polymeric matrix, extraction kinetics were found to slow down due to competitive dissolution and molecular diffusion within matrix. Mathematical models derived from irreversible desorption and Fick's diffusion laws were applied to fit observed extraction kinetics of BFRs with absolute average relative deviations lower than 5.7%, enabling us to identify the ratedetermining step. Our high solubilization rate coefficients measurements for BFRs proves that it can compensate for their low solubility if one uses flowing supercritical CO2.

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A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants

Cited by 272 publications

References 170 publications

The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

The Potential for Bio-Sustainable Organobromine-Containing Flame Retardant Formulations for Textile Applications—A Review

Investigation on Sex Hormone-Disruption Effects of Two Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (DBDPE and BTBPE) in Male Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Two Human Cell Lines (H295R and MVLN)

On-line spectroscopic study of brominated flame retardant extraction in supercritical CO2

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