A review of extending performance of epoxy resins using carbon nanomaterials

Liu, Shan; Chevali, Venkata S.; Xu, Zhiguang; Hui, David; Wang, Hao

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.08.020

Cited by 389 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Our results verify that the curing behavior of epoxy on a substrate is measurably different in the interfacial region than it is in the bulk and that this difference can be characterized by spatiotemporally resolved NMR relaxation measurements during chemical curing. Much work is being done to understand the curing and mechanical properties of epoxies at interfaces with other materials, either fillers within the epoxy or a substrate onto which the epoxy is bound . The use of single‐sided NMR relaxometry to characterize curing at interfacial and bulk regions offers a new approach to studying and quality‐controlling epoxy–substrate interfaces in situ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring real‐time curing of epoxies in situ using single‐sided NMR

Kelley

Abdol

Soroushian

et al. 2020

Journal of Polymer Science

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Adhesively bonded joints using epoxy are widely used in aircraft and aerospace structures. Quality control and defect detection during epoxy curing in such applications is critical. We used single‐sided nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to nondestructively probe and spatially resolve the change in the characteristic NMR relaxation time (T2) of epoxies during curing on a substrate. Time‐dependent T2 values were fit to a Weibull function to model temporal changes in the NMR measurables. Our results demonstrate that the reduction in molecular mobility of various epoxy/curing agent mixtures occurs more rapidly at the interface than in the bulk. Further use of single‐sided NMR to acquire spatially resolved T2 data will provide a route for elucidatory epoxy curing studies. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 616–623

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring real‐time curing of epoxies in situ using single‐sided NMR

Kelley

Abdol

Soroushian

et al. 2020

Journal of Polymer Science

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“…The results show the unique capability of TUNA technique in identifying conductive pathways in CNF/resins even without modifying the morphology with usual treatments employed to create electrical contacts to the ground.Epoxy matrix-based composite materials filled with MWCNTs or various carbon additives, such as natural, artificial and exfoliated graphites (EGs), activated carbons, and thick graphene exhibit many properties of great interest both from a scientific and industrial point of view such as low electrical percolation threshold (below 1.5 wt.%) as well as high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding capacity, good adhesive properties etc… [1].CNF-reinforced polymer composites have opened up new perspectives for multifunctional materials. In particular, carbon nanofibers play a promising role due to their potential applications in order to improve mechanical, electrical, thermal performance and relative ease of processing in composites used in the aerospace field [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Moreover, in high performance resin formulations, CNFs can be used as effective low-cost replacements for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) since the cost of CNFs is much lower than that of CNTs while possessing similar physical properties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiber reinforced resins: Potentiality of Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA) technique

Raimondo

Guadagno

Vertuccio

et al. 2018

Composites Part B: Engineering

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Epoxy nanocomposites able to meet pressing industrial requirements in the field of structural material have been developed and characterized. Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA), which is able to detect ultra-low currents ranging from 80 fA to 120 pA, was used to correlate the local topography with electrical properties of tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline (TGMDA) epoxy nanocomposites at low concentration of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) ranging from 0.05% up to 2% by wt. The results show the unique capability of TUNA technique in identifying conductive pathways in CNF/resins even without modifying the morphology with usual treatments employed to create electrical contacts to the ground.Epoxy matrix-based composite materials filled with MWCNTs or various carbon additives, such as natural, artificial and exfoliated graphites (EGs), activated carbons, and thick graphene exhibit many properties of great interest both from a scientific and industrial point of view such as low electrical percolation threshold (below 1.5 wt.%) as well as high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding capacity, good adhesive properties etc… [1].CNF-reinforced polymer composites have opened up new perspectives for multifunctional materials. In particular, carbon nanofibers play a promising role due to their potential applications in order to improve mechanical, electrical, thermal performance and relative ease of processing in composites used in the aerospace field [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Moreover, in high performance resin formulations, CNFs can be used as effective low-cost replacements for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) since the cost of CNFs is much lower than that of CNTs while possessing similar physical properties. The tetrafunctional epoxy resin tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline (TGMDA) cured with the aromatic diamine 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) is one of the most widely employed matrices for the production of high performance fiber composites in the aircraft and spacecraft industries [8]. Carbon nanofibers with extremely high aspect ratios combined with low density possess high electrical conductivity. They are excellent nanofiller materials for transforming electrically non-conducting polymers into conductive materials which have a wide range of applications, namely in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding (which has become a critical issue in the last several years with the development and advancement of electrical devices), photovoltaic devices, transparent conductive coatings as well as electro-actuating the shape memory polymer composites [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and others [19][20][21]. Therefore, they are highly sought-after candidate materials to replace traditional metallic materials for lightning strike protection of aircrafts. Modern aircrafts are made of advanced composite materials, which are significantly less conductive than aluminum. Lightning is initiated at the airplane's leading edges, which ionize, creating a strike opportunity. Lightning currents travel along the airplane and exit to the ...

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“…However, epoxy resin has a highly cross‐linked three‐dimensional network structure, belonging to brittle materials, which possesses poor toughness, relatively weak resistance to crack propagation and impact ability . In addition, the poor thermal conductivity of epoxy resin hinders its application in the field of electronic packaging . Various nanoparticles (such as nano‐alumina, nano‐silica, nano‐titanium dioxide, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles for the Thermal and Mechanical Enhancement of Epoxy Nanocomposites

Shen

Zhang

et al. 2019

ChemistrySelect

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In order to enhance the dispersion and the interface in epoxy nanocomposites filled nanoparticles, a novel side‐chain liquid crystalline epoxy polymer (SLCEP) was synthesized. The SLCEP grafted to alumina (Al2O3) surfaces via the carboxyl group for dispersing nanoparticles, bonded covalently with the epoxy matrix by the epoxy group for interface improvement and maintained good liquid crystal properties by the mesogenic unit. The dispersity of Al2O3 in Al2O3‐SLCEP and epoxy nanocomposites were studied by Fourier transform infrared imaging system and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The interface of epoxy nanocomposites was researched by observing the fracture morphology. By preventing the agglomeration of Al2O3 and strengthening its interfacial bonding with the matrix, the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of Al2O3‐SLCEP/epoxy nanocomposites were improved distinctly, and Al2O3‐SLCEP/epoxy nanocomposites were much superior to neat epoxy in mechanical properties. The excellent performance of SLCEP modified nanoparticles in epoxy demonstrates that is an effective general approach for nanoparticle/polymer.

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A review of extending performance of epoxy resins using carbon nanomaterials

Cited by 389 publications

References 104 publications

Monitoring real‐time curing of epoxies in situ using single‐sided NMR

Monitoring real‐time curing of epoxies in situ using single‐sided NMR

Electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiber reinforced resins: Potentiality of Tunneling Atomic Force Microscopy (TUNA) technique

The Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Polymer Grafted Nanoparticles for the Thermal and Mechanical Enhancement of Epoxy Nanocomposites

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