A review of foreign object detection (FOD) for inductive power transfer systems

Zhang, Yiming; Yan, Zhongjiang; Zhu, Jiaqi; Li, Siqi; Mi, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.etran.2019.04.002

Cited by 69 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These methods can be operated at all times, regardless of whether there is a receiving coil. However, the methods are mainly dependent on relative detection sensors and have been described in [66] and [71], and therefore, they will not be described in detail in this paper.…”

Section: Metal Object Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foreign Object Detection for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

Xia

Yuan

et al. 2020

Electronics

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Wireless power transfer technology is being widely used in electric vehicle wireless-charging applications, and foreign object detection (FOD) is an important module that is needed to satisfy the transmission and safety requirements. FOD mostly includes two key parts: metal object detection (MOD) and living object detection (LOD), which should be implemented during the charging process. In this paper, equivalent circuit models of a metal object and a living object are proposed, and the FOD methods are reviewed and analyzed within a unified framework based on the proposed FOD models. A comparison of these detection methods and future challenges is also discussed. Based on these analyses, detection methods that employ an additional circuit for detection are recommended for FOD in electric vehicle wireless-charging applications.

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Section: Metal Object Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods can be implemented before or during charging, and the detection results mainly rely on relative detection sensors. Such methods have been proposed in [66] and [71] but are not described in detail in this paper.…”

Section: Mechanical and Thermal Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foreign Object Detection for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

Xia

Yuan

et al. 2020

Electronics

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“…As discussed in [ 28 – 30 ], different topologies have different impedance matching and quality factor equations that can lead to different measurement performance of WPT-based ECT systems. The PP resonant circuit was shown to have a higher sensitivity to metallic objects and a lower sensitivity to noise compared with the SS-resonant circuit due to its larger input impedance [ 31 ]. Therefore, the PP topology is selected for this study.…”

Section: Principles Of the Transmitter–receiver Wireless Power Transfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variations of effective resistance and inductance of the Tx and Rx coils as a result of the induced eddy current's influence on the Tx–Rx coupling depend on the excitation frequency, mutual coupling between the coil and the sample, and sample parameters. The relationship is derived from (2.1) and given in equations (2.7) and (2.8), which is similar to the model used for metallic object detection based on the WPT system [ 31 – 33 ]. The presence of the metal sample near the Tx or Rx increases losses due to the reduction in the magnetic field passing through the coil section as a result of the eddy current's effect in the sample.…”

Section: Principles Of the Transmitter–receiver Wireless Power Transfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As discussed in [ 29 ], different topologies of magnetically coupled resonant Tx–Rx systems can be designed and developed through the selection of Tx–Rx capacitors C 1 and C 2 . This extracts more power from the transmitter in the form of eddy current losses which has a significant impact on the system's parameters, especially for low-power applications [ 31 , 38 ]. For our FPC coil array, the Tx and each Rx mutual coupling results from the interaction with the metallic sample and defect.…”

Section: Principles Of the Transmitter–receiver Wireless Power Transfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wireless power transfer-based eddy current non-destructive testing using a flexible printed coil array

Daura

Tian

et al. 2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Eddy current testing (ECT) has been employed as a traditional non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) tool for many years. It has developed from single frequency to multiple frequencies, and eventually to pulsed and swept-frequency excitation. Recent progression of wireless power transfer (WPT) and flexible printed devices open opportunities to address challenges of defect detection and reconstruction under complex geometric situations. In this paper, a transmitter–receiver (Tx–Rx) flexible printed coil (FPC) array that uses the WPT approach featuring dual resonance responses for the first time has been proposed. The dual resonance responses can provide multiple parameters of samples, such as defect characteristics, lift-offs and material properties, while the flexible coil array allows area mapping of complex structures. To validate the proposed approach, experimental investigations of a single excitation coil with multiple receiving coils using the WPT principle were conducted on a curved pipe surface with a natural dent defect. The FPC array has one single excitation coil and 16 receiving (Rx) coils, which are used to measure the dent by using 21 C-scan points on the dedicated dent sample. The experimental data were then used for training and evaluation of dual resonance responses in terms of multiple feature extraction, selection and fusion for quantitative NDE. Four features, which include resonant magnitudes and principal components of the two resonant areas, were investigated for mapping and reconstructing the defective dent through correlation analysis for feature selection and feature fusion by deep learning. It shows that deep learning-based multiple feature fusion has outstanding performance for 3D defect reconstruction of WPT-based FPC-ECT. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and smart monitoring’.

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Experimental results and analysis of midrange underwater wireless power transfer

Niu

Zhang

2023

Circuit Theory & Apps

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Summary It is reported generally in previous studies that the transmission efficiency of wireless power transfer (WPT) system in seawater is lower than that in air due to eddy current loss. In this study, it is found experimentally that the transfer efficiency in seawater can reach 17 times of that in air on average at midrange for a WPT system with two 22.5‐cm planar coils and a 460‐kHz resonance frequency. These show that the eddy current assists wireless transfer in seawater, and then the eddy current is treated as a relay coil to explain the experimental observations. Compared with the model from electromagnetic field theory, which is complex and difficult to grasp, the circuit model proposed in this study is concise and easy to understand. Though the underwater WPT system has a relatively low average transfer efficiency of 20% at midrange, it can be used in a transfer distance priority scene.

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A review of foreign object detection (FOD) for inductive power transfer systems

Cited by 69 publications

References 20 publications

Foreign Object Detection for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

Foreign Object Detection for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

Wireless power transfer-based eddy current non-destructive testing using a flexible printed coil array

Experimental results and analysis of midrange underwater wireless power transfer

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