A review of gene mutations, conventional testing and novel approaches to cancer screening

Abstract

Cancer is a genetic disease caused due to mutations in the tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes involved in the cell cycle regulation. It may include mutations that may be inherited or acquired during one’s lifetime and affect single gene or multiple genes, chromosomes and their protein expression patterns, ultimately leading to a loss of control over the cell cycle and culminating in uncontrolled cell growth. With the tremendous increase in global cancer burden and early detection being the key to cure, it has become imperative that the genes be studied and new genetic and biochemical testing techniques be utilized. In this review, we have looked at various mutations involved in common cancer-causing genes, their role under normal physiological conditions, mechanisms of mutation and their occurrence in different types of cancers. Also, the review focuses on conventional and novel approaches for genetic and biochemical testing, the techniques used and their advantages and limitations.

Apoptosis and Autophagy: Therapeutic Implications in Cancer

“…Three categories of autophagy are identified: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperonemediated autophagy. Microautophagy is the non-selective degradation of cytoplasmic components and subcellular organelles in lysosomes (Wang et al, 2023;Mehta et al, 2023;Kulkarni et al, 2023). Macroautophagy is differentiated from other forms of autophagy by the formation of double-membrane vesicles that engulf and degrade cytoplasmic contents and subcellular organelles by fusing with lysosomes to form autolysosomes (Odle and Cook, 2020).…”

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Associated Cytogenetic and Genetic Anomalies – Study from Eastern India

“…Genetic anomalies have always remained the silent moderators of physiology (Madhual et al, 2023;Kulkarni et al, 2023). Even before the discovery of modern-day genetic approaches linking disease, people used to identify such diseases as "Inborn Errors of Metabolism" (Haldane, 1954;Harris, 1996).…”

Combinatorial impact of Chelerythrine and DADS in the restoration of liver physiology during carcinogenic exposure in mice (Mus musculus)

“…HCC is an epithelial tumor that generally develops in the setting of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis (Gomes et al, 2013;Wangensteen et al, 2018), where there is continuous inflammation and regeneration of hepatocytes. Mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis are not completely understood, but like most solid tumors, the development and progression of HCC are believed to be caused by the accumulation of genetic changes resulting in altered expression of cancer-related genes, such as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, as well as genes involved in different regulatory pathways (Thorgeirsson and Grisham, 2002;Petruczynik et al, 2019;Mehta et al, 2023;Kulkarni et al, 2023). To understand the mechanism of liver cancer development, several models have been designed using carcinogenic chemicals, hormones, and viruses (Marszałek, 2000;Moon et al, 2022).…”