2021
DOI: 10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7
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A Review of Leishmaniasis: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Abstract: Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral leishmaniasis. We will describe the most recent findings and suggest areas of further research in the leishmaniasis field. Recent Findings This article reviews newer leishmaniasis tests (including rapid diagnostic tests using rK39 antibodies), vaccine candidates, and updated treatment r… Show more

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Cited by 274 publications
(227 citation statements)
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“…Other kinetoplastid diseases that have been long neglected in terms of chemotherapy development are the leishmaniases. They consist of a complex group of parasitic diseases that are caused by intracellular flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania and have multiple clinical manifestations [ 31 ]. To date, over 20 species of Leishmania parasites, from the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia , have been identified as infective for humans [ 32 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Other kinetoplastid diseases that have been long neglected in terms of chemotherapy development are the leishmaniases. They consist of a complex group of parasitic diseases that are caused by intracellular flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania and have multiple clinical manifestations [ 31 ]. To date, over 20 species of Leishmania parasites, from the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia , have been identified as infective for humans [ 32 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The main mode of transmission is the bite of hematophagous phlebotomine sand flies (mainly of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia ) [ 34 ]. Leishmaniases have virtually global distribution, being present in almost 100 countries and endemic in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Mediterranean region [ 31 ]. An estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases occur worldwide annually [ 35 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…A One Health approach to study the epidemiology, transmission and evolutionary dynamics of vector-borne diseases is crucial for the success of human and animal disease control programmes, particularly neglected diseases in low to middle income countries. These include, for example, dengue fever, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease (or American trypanosomiasis) which collectively represent a significant global health challenge [ 2 , 3 , 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…(2) visceral leishmaniasis (green areas). Both forms present expanding geographic ranges and rapid adaptation influenced by risk factors, with new epidemiological scenarios emerging in previously disease-free areas [9,28,29]. Diagram showing the development of the nanovesicle, which begins with endocytosis, forming the early endosomes, which develop into late endosomes by inward budding, and finally multivesicular bodies that may either undergo degradation (generating lysosomes) or merge with the cell membrane and, by exocytosis, release intraluminal endosomal vesicles that become exosomes in the extracellular environment [30].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%