A Review of Modelling Approaches on Tidal Analysis and Prediction

Abstract

Abstract. Tide height depends on both long-term astronomical effects that are principally affected by the moon and sun and short-term meteorological effects caused by severe weather conditions which are very important tasks for human activities, safe marine navigation in shallow areas, oceans and coastal engineering work. Conventional tidal forecasting techniques are based on harmonic analysis, which is a superposition of many sinusoidal constituents with three parameters amplitudes, Phase and frequencies using the least squares method to determine the harmonic parameters. However, harmonic analysis required a large number of parameters and long-term tidal measured for precise tidal level predictions. Furthermore, what seems to stand out by the other researchers on traditional harmonic methods, was its limitation when short data are involved and rely on based on the analysis of astronomical components and they can be insufficient when the influence of non-astronomical components such as the weather, is important. Therefore, conventional harmonic analysis alone does not adequately predict the coastal water level variation, in order to deal with these situations and provide predictions with the desired accuracy, with respect to the length of the available tidal record, an alternative approach has been developed by various tidalist. In this study the state - of - art for tidal analysis and prediction techniques that have proven to be successful in a variety of circumstances have been reviewed in a systematic and consistent way for holistic understanding with a view to provide a reference for future work, showing their main mathematical concepts, model capabilities for tidal analysis and prediction with their limitations.

Technical Economic study for Electricity Production by Using (Tidal-Hydrogen) in Socotra Island, Yemen

“…Tidal energy is a type of renewable energy source, as a tidal movement in oceans is converted into electrical energy by tidal turbines; the main reason for tidal phenomena occurrence is the influence of Moon and Sun gravitational to ocean water, being the weakest substance on Earth, it mentioned that the influence of Moon gravitational to Earth is greater than the influence of Sun gravitational on Earth because Moon is closer to the Earth, It is worth noting that there are two rises and two retreats in water level daily, in addition to that when Sun, Earth, and Moon are in a straight line, the tide increases [7][8]. Tidal energy can exploit by using turbines, where water passes through turbines that work to generate electricity by converting the kinetic energy of water into electrical energy.…”

Presentation of a Wavelet‑Based Harmonic Model for Tidal Level Forecasting at Sabah and Sarawak

“…In each harmonic, these two parameters a i (t) and b i (t) can be expanded using Equation (7). Therefore, a i (t) and b i (t) will be, ( )…”

“…In recent years, numerous methodology and models have been developed to improve and achieve accurate water prediction. A recent review on the tidal level method was carried out by [7]. Moreover, harmonic analysis remains the most powerful tool for tidal analysis and prediction despite some of its drawbacks since its introduction by Kelvin in 1860.…”

Analysis and Prediction of Tidal Measurement Data from Temporary Stations using the Least Squares Method

“…The need for quick provision of tidal predictions for coastal engineering constructions, port constructions, and navigation has led to a focus on improving the calculation methods of tidal analysis, which aim to achieve high accuracy by using only a short record of tidal observations [20][21][22][23]. However, these methods have some restrictions, such as less precision often experienced when used for long-term tidal predictions [24]. The long-term predictions are crucial for determining the tidal datums, where all harmonic aspects should be included in the calculation.…”

“…The length of the tidal series to assign the tidal datum is usually not less than 18.6 years, which is one period of the lunar cycle [10]. LSM is confirmed as the most popular modeling approach for long-tidal prediction because of its accuracy advantages and computational efficiency [24,25].…”