Abstract. Tide height depends on both long-term astronomical effects that are principally affected by the moon and sun and short-term meteorological effects caused by severe weather conditions which are very important tasks for human activities, safe marine navigation in shallow areas, oceans and coastal engineering work. Conventional tidal forecasting techniques are based on harmonic analysis, which is a superposition of many sinusoidal constituents with three parameters amplitudes, Phase and frequencies using the least squares method to determine the harmonic parameters. However, harmonic analysis required a large number of parameters and long-term tidal measured for precise tidal level predictions. Furthermore, what seems to stand out by the other researchers on traditional harmonic methods, was its limitation when short data are involved and rely on based on the analysis of astronomical components and they can be insufficient when the influence of non-astronomical components such as the weather, is important. Therefore, conventional harmonic analysis alone does not adequately predict the coastal water level variation, in order to deal with these situations and provide predictions with the desired accuracy, with respect to the length of the available tidal record, an alternative approach has been developed by various tidalist. In this study the state - of - art for tidal analysis and prediction techniques that have proven to be successful in a variety of circumstances have been reviewed in a systematic and consistent way for holistic understanding with a view to provide a reference for future work, showing their main mathematical concepts, model capabilities for tidal analysis and prediction with their limitations.

In recent times, lakes have been essentially influenced by global warming and environmental dynamic, and this has been worsened via land cover changes, thereby raising the rate of their shrinkage and numerous models were proposed. The vast majority of these models have similar objectives, however they vary in terms of application, hypotheses assumptions. Water level fluctuation modelling project, globally has been revised in this study so as to provide evidence for further water level fluctuation modelling improvement. The scientific ideas of the modelling approaches were fundamentally observed for proper understanding of their main aspects and furthermore to provide a comprehensive depiction of the existing water level fluctuation modelling work, which has mostly overlooked in the previous studies.

Activity at the coastal areas required accurate tidal analysis and prediction. Tides are a result of the response of the water body to the attracting forces exerted by the moon and sun. In this paper, a new novel wavelet base harmonic model (WBH) for tidal analysis and prediction is presented. Discrete wavelet transformation is being employed to present the relationship between multiresolution analysis and wavelet to show the harmonic amplitude and phase angle as a sum of shifting and scaling functions. The coefficients of the shifting and dilating function are resolved to obtain the harmonic constituent (amplitude and phase angle) of a seawater level. It is found that the predicted tide result obtained at four tide gauge stations using the wavelet-based harmonic model agreed with the observed water tide. To test the efficiency of the model root mean square error the correlation coefficient was used.