A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms

Khairullah, Aswin Rafif; KURNIAWAN, SHENDY CANADYA; Effendi, Mustofa Helmi; Sudjarwo, Sri Agus; Ramandinianto, Sancaka Chasyer; Widodo, Agus; RIWU, KATTY HENDRIANA PRISCILIA; Silaen, Otto Sahat Martua; Rehman, Saifur

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2023.46-58

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 174 publications

(310 reference statements)

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“…1 ). Livestock diseases caused by S. aureus are prevalent in pigs [ 1 ], cows [ 2 ], and poultry [ 3 ]. S. aureus causes diseases such as mastitis, joint infections, and skin infections in animals [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms: transmission, threats, and promising strategies in animal husbandry

Song,

Tang,

Ding

et al. 2024

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common pathogenic bacterium in animal husbandry that can cause diseases such as mastitis, skin infections, arthritis, and other ailments. The formation of biofilms threatens and exacerbates S. aureus infection by allowing the bacteria to adhere to pathological areas and livestock product surfaces, thus triggering animal health crises and safety issues with livestock products. To solve this problem, in this review, we provide a brief overview of the harm caused by S. aureus and its biofilms on livestock and animal byproducts (meat and dairy products). We also describe the ways in which S. aureus spreads in animals and the threats it poses to the livestock industry. The processes and molecular mechanisms involved in biofilm formation are then explained. Finally, we discuss strategies for the removal and eradication of S. aureus and biofilms in animal husbandry, including the use of antimicrobial peptides, plant extracts, nanoparticles, phages, and antibodies. These strategies to reduce the spread of S. aureus in animal husbandry help maintain livestock health and improve productivity to ensure the ecologically sustainable development of animal husbandry and the safety of livestock products.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms: transmission, threats, and promising strategies in animal husbandry

Song,

Tang,

Ding

et al. 2024

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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“…aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant (MDR) properties and its resistance to β-lactam class antibiotics, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains [19]. MRSA has been implicated in a series of nosocomial infections [20]. All β-lactam medications, such as cephalosporins and carbapenems, are considered ineffective against MRSA strains resistant to oxacillin (OX) and cefoxitin (FOX) [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia

Khairullah,

Kurniawan,

Sudjarwo

et al. 2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region’s high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to β-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer’s hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers’ hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: : A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers’ hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion: The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain. Keywords: hand swab, mecA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, milk, public health.

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“…MRSA is the leading cause of hospital-and community-associated infections worldwide, with livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) emerging across Europe and many other parts of the world [6][7][8][9][10]. MRSA isolates from clonal complex 398 (CC398) have increasingly proliferated at high rates among pigs reared in European countries [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pigs in Japan

Kawanishi,

Matsuda,

Abo

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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We investigated the prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pig slaughterhouses from 2018 to 2022 in Japan and the isolates were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics by whole-genome analysis. Although the positive LA-MRSA rates on farms (29.6%) and samples (9.9%) in 2022 in Japan remained lower than those observed in European countries exhibiting extremely high rates of confirmed human LA-MRSA infections, these rates showed a gradually increasing trend over five years. The ST398/t034 strain was predominant, followed by ST5/t002, and differences were identified between ST398 and ST5 in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility and the resistance genes carried. Notably, LA-MRSA possessed resistance genes toward many antimicrobial classes, with 91.4% of the ST398 strains harboring zinc resistance genes. These findings indicate that the co-selection pressure associated with multidrug and zinc resistance may have contributed markedly to LA-MRSA persistence. SNP analysis revealed that ST398 and ST5 of swine origin were classified into a different cluster of MRSA from humans, showing the same ST in Japan and lacking the immune evasion genes (scn, sak, or chp). Although swine-origin LA-MRSA is currently unlikely to spread to humans and become a problem in current clinical practice, preventing its dissemination requires using antimicrobials prudently, limiting zinc utilization to the minimum required nutrient, and practicing fundamental hygiene measures.

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A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms

Cited by 10 publications

References 174 publications

Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms: transmission, threats, and promising strategies in animal husbandry

Staphylococcus aureus and biofilms: transmission, threats, and promising strategies in animal husbandry

Kinship analysis of mecA gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and risk factors from the farmers in Blitar, Indonesia

Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Pigs in Japan

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