Abstract. Widodo A, Lamid M, Effendi MH, Khairullah AR, Riwu KHP, Yustinasari LR, Kurniawan SC, Ansori ANM, Silaen OSM, Dameanti FNAEP. 2022. Antibiotic sensitivity profile of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cow's milk in Probolinggo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 4971-4976. The presence of resistant bacteria in animal products such as milk can be a new threat because it is directly related to the human food chain. Resistant Escherichia coli has been widely studied and detected in farms in developing countries. The aim of present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli bacteria from dairy cows taken during the milking process from several dairy farms in Probolinggo district, Indonesia. A total of 150 milk samples were obtained from farms and E. coli was isolated and identified on Eosin methylene blue (EMB) media and biochemical test, such as Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) and indole test, methyl red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and citrate test (IMViC) were also performed. The antibiotic sensitivity profile was screened using the Kirby-Bauer test and results were interpreted according to the CLSI standard. The results showed that 124/150 (82.67%) E. coli bacteria exhibited highest percentage of antibiotic resistance to tetracycline (13.71%), streptomycin (9.68%), trimethoprim (8.87%), chloramphenicol (0.87%), and aztreonam (1.61%). A total of 9/124 (7.26%) E. coli isolates were detected as multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 1/9 (0.81%) E. coli isolate was suspected as extended spectrum ?-lactamase (ESBL) bacteria which was resistant to aztreonam antibiotic. Thus, the threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli can come from milk which can affect public health.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.

Abstract. Widodo A, Lamid M, Effendi MH, Khailrullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Silaen OSM, Riwu KHP, Yustinasari LR, Afnani DA, Dameanti FNAEP, Ramandinianto SC. 2022. Antimicrobial resistance characteristics of multidrug resistance and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from several dairy farms in Probolinggo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 215-221. Escherichia coli bacteria initially reside in the digestive tract of humans and animals but are able to adapt to new environments that are different from their initial habitat. The pathogenicity of E. coli can occur when these bacteria grow more than normal limits, produce toxins, and are resistant to certain types of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance characteristics of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli from several dairy farms in the Probolinggo district of East Java province, Indonesia. A total of 150 samples consisting of 109 milk and 41 environmental samples from 41 dairy farms were used for isolation. TSIA and IMViC biochemical tests were used to identify E. coli bacteria. Escherichia coli resistance profile was obtained through disc diffusion test on several antibiotics, namely tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and aztreonam. Escherichia coli that was resistant to 3 or more antibiotics was defined as MDR. The results of isolation and identification obtained 124 (82.6%) isolates characterizing E. coli bacteria. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of E. coli showed 9 (7.26%) MDR isolates and 2 (22.22%) ESBL isolates by double-disc synergy test (DDST). MDR E. coli was dominated by the pattern of antimicrobial drug resistance TE-S-W (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim) with a total of 8 (38.10%) isolates, followed by antimicrobial drug resistance pattern TE-S-W-ATM (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, aztreonam) with one (4.76%) E. coli isolates. The pattern of antimicrobial drugs of ESBL E. coli showed in one (11.11%) sample of ESBL E. coli from a milk sample with the pattern of TE-S-W-ATM (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim, aztreonam) and one (11.11%) sample ESBL E. coli (AL 30) from the environmental sample with a pattern of TE-S-W pattern (tetracycline, streptomycin, trimethoprim). The discovery of MDR E. coli isolates and ESBL E. coli from milk and environmental samples at several dairy farms in Probolinggo district, East Java, Indonesia is a matter of concern and requires real action to reduce antibiotic resistance.

Abstract. Afnani DA, Fatih N, Effendi MH, Tyasningsih W, Kairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Silaen OSM, Ramandianto SC, Widodo A, Hendriana K, Riwu KHP. 2022. Profile of Multidrug Resistance and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from cats in Surabaya, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5703-5709. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the name given to Staphylococcus aureus that has multidrug-resistance (MDR) characteristics and is resistant to ?-lactam drugs. Compared to other livestock, companion animals have been mentioned as potential MRSA reservoirs more frequently. This study aimed to identify MDR and detects MRSA strains from cats in Surabaya. A total of 150 nasal swab of cats were taken from several clinics and veterinary hospital. Samples were swabbed using Amies Medium Transport then identified using microbiological standard method. Kirby-Bauer diffusion method was performed for S. aureus antibiotic resistance profile on five different antibiotic discs. As a confirmatory test for MRSA, S. aureus isolates that were resistant to cefoxitin continued to grow on Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base (ORSAB). The findings of the isolation and identification and process revealed 18 (12%) S. aureus isolates. The antibiotic resistance test revealed 3 (2%) MDR S. aureus isolates and 4 (2.6%) MDR S. aureus isolates that were ORSAB positive. It has been discovered that there are MDR and MRSA S. aureus isolates. It could be used as an indicator of irrational usage of antibiotics and it explained that cats could be source of infection to public health.

Introduction Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. Material and Methods A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes was identified using a PCR. Results It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the bla CTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the bla TEM genes. The bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. Conclusion This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.