A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Alsunaidi, Bushra; Althobaiti, Murad; Tamal, Mahbubunnabi; Albaker, Waleed; Al-Naib, Ibraheem

doi:10.3390/s21206820

Cited by 69 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Few of the sensor systems have received the CE Mark and/or have been cleared by the FDA yet. Some of them were discontinued, such as the GlucoWatch Biographer from Cygnus Inc. and the Pendra Device from Pendragon Medical because of issues about burning sensation and inaccuracy, respectively, or did not enter the market, such as the NBM-200G from OrSense [26,77,108,123]. Although there are many failed commercial devices, others are successful, such as the two popular commercial systems, FreeStyle Libre and Dexcom.…”

Section: Commercial Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Xue

Thalmayer

Zeising

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.

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Section: Commercial Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These approaches can be classified according to the applied glucose sensing method. The primary sensing methods for NI methods are the electrochemical [24,25] and the electromagnetic-based methods [26][27][28]. In electrochemical NI glucose sensors, a probe of saliva [29], tear drop [30] or the exhaled breath [31] is analyzed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Xue

Thalmayer

Zeising

et al. 2022

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…One of the most important metabolic disorders is diabetes mellitus. It is considered one of the major causes of death around the world [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The two main types of diabetes are caused by the pancreas failing to secrete enough insulin (type 1), or when body cells inappropriately respond to insulin (type 2) [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terahertz Asymmetric S-Shaped Complementary Metasurface Biosensor for Glucose Concentration

Al-Naib

2022

Biosensors

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In this article, we present a free-standing terahertz metasurface based on asymmetric S-shaped complementary resonators under normal incidence in transmission mode configuration. Each unit cell of the metasurface consists of two arms of mirrored S-shaped slots. We investigate the frequency response at different geometrical asymmetry via modifying the dimensions of one arm of the resonator. This configuration enables the excitation of asymmetric quasi-bound states in the continuum resonance and, hence, features very good field confinement that is very important for biosensing applications. Moreover, the performance of this configuration as a biosensor was examined for glucose concentration levels from 54 mg/dL to 342 mg/dL. This range covers hypoglycemia, normal, and hyperglycemia diabetes mellitus conditions. Two sample coating scenarios were considered, namely the top layer when the sample covers the metasurface and the top and bottom layers when the metasurface is sandwiched between the two layers. This strategy enabled very large resonance frequency redshifts of 236.1 and 286.6 GHz that were observed for the two scenarios for a 342 mg/dL concentration level and a layer thickness of 20 μm. Furthermore, for the second scenario and the same thickness, a wavelength sensitivity of 322,749 nm/RIU was found, which represents a factor of 2.3 enhancement compared to previous studies. The suggested terahertz metasurface biosensor in this paper could be used in the future for identifying hypoglycaemia and hyperglycemia conditions.

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“…Therefore, monitoring the glucose level is crucial to prevent a lot of well-known consequences of abnormal glucose levels in the blood [8]. It can be observed using invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive devices [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, many research activities have been carried out to propose different kinds of noninvasive devices, where the measurements can be performed without pain or the need of needles and, most importantly, can be continuous [5,6,15,16]. Among a plethora of different techniques proposed for glucose level measurements, optical methods at different wavelengths have shown high potential for future continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices [9]. More specifically, terahertz (THz) technology has attracted a lot of attention recently due to the very low photon energy at THz frequencies, and the fact that many biomolecules have very clear fingerprints within the THz band [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves

Al-Naib

2021

Crystals

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In this article, a planar metamaterial sensor designed at terahertz (THz) frequencies is utilized to sense glucose concentration levels that cover hypoglycemia, normal, and hyperglycemia conditions that vary from 54 to 342 mg/dL. The sensor was developed using a symmetric complementary split rectangular resonator at an oblique incidence angle. The resonance frequency shift was used as a measure of the changes in the glucose level of the samples. The increase in the glucose concentration level exhibited clear and noticeable redshifts in the resonance frequency. For instance, a 67.5 GHz redshift has been observed for a concentration level of 54 mg/dL and increased up to 122 GHz for the 342 mg/dL concentration level. Moreover, a high sensitivity level of 75,700 nm/RIU was observed for this design. In the future, the proposed THz sensors may have potential applications in diagnosing hypocalcemia and hyperglycemia cases.

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A Review of Non-Invasive Optical Systems for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Cited by 69 publications

References 72 publications

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Terahertz Asymmetric S-Shaped Complementary Metasurface Biosensor for Glucose Concentration

Sensing Glucose Concentration Using Symmetric Metasurfaces under Oblique Incident Terahertz Waves

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