A review of nudges: Definitions, justifications, effectiveness

Congiu, Luca; Moscati, Ivan

doi:10.1111/joes.12453

Cited by 78 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 156 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…Namely, opt-out defaults and nudges aiming to exploit the more heuristic-based "System 1" thinking often perceived as autonomy threats, especially by individualists and conservatives. These results are in line with the conclusion drawn from the review of similar articles: the country of the participants, the targeted behavior, and the type and domain of the nudges are all significant factors of efficiency (Congiu & Moscati, 2022).…”

Section: Backfire Effectsupporting

confidence: 90%

Identity over nudges? Factors influencing decisions about participation in pro-environmental behaviors

Jagodics¹

2023

Preprint

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The challenges of environmental problems make it important for people to engage in new pro-environmental behaviors. Based on the results of behavior sciences a possible way to help this transition is to use nudges, which are methods that steer people’s decisions towards certain options. On the other hand, empirical evidence is often contradicting regarding the effect of nudges. The current study aimed to test different interventions (descriptive norms, social identity cues, provoking reciprocity, commitment priming and choice architecture), comparing the individual and stacked effects of nudges on participation intentions in pro-environmental programs. 1910 participants in nine conditions were presented posters of three different pro-environmental programs. Binominal logistic regression analysis showed that nudges did not have significant effect on decisions. On the other hand, environmental self-identity proved to be a significant predictor of participation intention in all three programs. The possible explanations of the nudges’ observed inefficiency are discussed in the paper along with the prospects of the seemingly important role of identity in pro-environmental behaviors.

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Section: Backfire Effectsupporting

confidence: 90%

Identity over nudges? Factors influencing decisions about participation in pro-environmental behaviors

Jagodics¹

2023

Preprint

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“…Some scholars have suggested that because many of the drivers of dietary habits and obesity are structural, structural interventions, such as taxation, are warranted instead of nudges (Lowenstein & Chater, 2017). Additionally, concerns have been raised that a focus on nudging may “crowd out” other intervention approaches that might be more effective (Congiu & Moscati, 2022). This suggests that nudges should be part of a broad, multipronged approach to improving dietary behavior rather than being used as a singular intervention approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nudges and choice architecture to promote healthy food purchases in adults: A systematized review.

Lindstrom¹,

Tucker²,

McVay³

2023

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Objective: Consistent with behavioral economic models that emphasize the context-dependance of behavioral choice, choice architecture strategies change the environmental context to promote or nudge healthier choices including the healthfulness of food purchases that may help reduce disease and premature death. This review summarizes research that investigated nudging interventions to promote healthful food purchase choices among adults. Method: A comprehensive systematized search strategy identified research published since 2009 that investigated the role of nudges and choice architecture interventions on adult food purchasing decisions with behavioral outcomes. Study data were extracted and summarized regarding nudge characteristics, design features, study quality, and food purchasing outcomes. Results: The search identified 1,129 articles, 33 of which met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies were rated as high quality, 21 as neutral, and none as low quality. Some evidence of effectiveness was found for priming nudges that manipulated physical, verbal, or sensational cues to promote healthy choices (8 of 11 studies); salience and affect nudges that used novel or personally relevant cues to direct attention to healthy choices (3/3); messenger nudges that presented information on socially normative food choices (2/2), and default nudges that made healthy options the preset choice (1/2). In studies that combined nudge types, combining priming and salience and affect nudges was at least partially effective in 5 of 5 studies. Conclusions: Nudge applications in food purchasing settings, particularly priming, offers a promising public health strategy to encourage healthier food choices among adults. More research is needed to determine optimal nudge combinations and contexts. Public Health Significance StatementFood purchasing is a key link between the food environment and eating behavior across multiple eating occasions and contexts and for multiple individuals within a household and is thus an important target to promote healthy eating, reduce obesity, and prevent chronic disease. This systematized review of research on the use of nudges and choice architecture to promote healthy food purchases among adults suggests that nudging can be an effective approach to promote healthier food choices. However, more research is needed to determine optimal combinations of nudges that can be implemented in adult food purchasing contexts to promote healthier consumer choices.

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“…Nudges are pro-self, pro-social, or pro-nudger, depending on who the ultimate beneficiary of a nudge is. If the sole purpose of a nudge is to benefit the nudged person, it is pro-self (Congiu and Moscati 2022). Such nudges appear to be the least controversial and the most accepted by society at large (Hagman et al 2015).…”

Section: Beneficiarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sometimes these nudging methods can benefit both the nudger and the person being nudged. This gives room for nudges that are part pro-nudger, part pro-self, or part pro-nudger, part pro-social, where private companies, as well as their customers or society at large benefit from the same nudge (Congiu and Moscati 2022). One of the case studies of AI-powered nudging that we will discuss later will concern this hybrid type of nudge.…”

Section: Beneficiarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Algorithmic Nudging: The Need for an Interdisciplinary Oversight

Schmauder

Karpus

Moll

et al. 2023

Topoi

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Nudge is a popular public policy tool that harnesses well-known biases in human judgement to subtly guide people’s decisions, often to improve their choices or to achieve some socially desirable outcome. Thanks to recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) methods new possibilities emerge of how and when our decisions can be nudged. On the one hand, algorithmically personalized nudges have the potential to vastly improve human daily lives. On the other hand, blindly outsourcing the development and implementation of nudges to “black box” AI systems means that the ultimate reasons for why such nudges work, that is, the underlying human cognitive processes that they harness, will often be unknown. In this paper, we unpack this concern by considering a series of examples and case studies that demonstrate how AI systems can learn to harness biases in human judgment to reach a specified goal. Drawing on an analogy in a philosophical debate concerning the methodology of economics, we call for the need of an interdisciplinary oversight of AI systems that are tasked and deployed to nudge human behaviours.

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A review of nudges: Definitions, justifications, effectiveness

Cited by 78 publications

References 156 publications

Identity over nudges? Factors influencing decisions about participation in pro-environmental behaviors

Identity over nudges? Factors influencing decisions about participation in pro-environmental behaviors

Nudges and choice architecture to promote healthy food purchases in adults: A systematized review.

Algorithmic Nudging: The Need for an Interdisciplinary Oversight

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