A Review of Optical Fibre Ethanol Sensors: Current State and Future Prospects

Memon, Sanober Farheen; Wang, Ruoning; Strunz, Bob; Chowdhry, Bhawani Shankar; Pembroke, J. Tony; Lewis, Elfed

doi:10.3390/s22030950

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(135 reference statements)

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“…Hence, POFs represent a potential solution for the high sensitivity requirement of the in-line measurement of ethanol during its production using microalgae. A variety of optical fibre sensing methods have been reported to measure ethanol in various applications including those based on absorption, interferometric, fibre grating, and plasmonic [ 18 ]. Most optical fibre ethanol sensors are based on glass optical fibres (GOFs); however, the fabrication of sensors using GOFs can often be complicated and requires specialized instruments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Corrugated Long Period Grating Surface Balloon-Shaped Heterocore-Structured Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Microalgal Bioethanol Production

Memon

Wang

Strunz

et al. 2023

Sensors

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A novel long period grating (LPG) inscribed balloon-shaped heterocore-structured plastic optical fibre (POF) sensor is described and experimentally demonstrated for real-time measurement of the ultra-low concentrations of ethanol in microalgal bioethanol production applications. The heterocore structure is established by coupling a 250 μm core diameter POF between two 1000 μm diameter POFs, thus representing a large core—small core—large core configuration. Before coupling as a heterocore structure, the sensing region or small core fibre (SCF; i.e., 250 μm POF) is modified by polishing, LPG inscription, and macro bending into a balloon shape to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensor was characterized for ethanol–water solutions in the ethanol concentration ranges of 20 to 80 %v/v, 1 to 10 %v/v, 0.1 to 1 %v/v, and 0.00633 to 0.0633 %v/v demonstrating a maximum sensitivity of 3 × 106 %/RIU, a resolution of 7.9 × 10−6 RIU, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 9.7 × 10−6 RIU. The experimental results are included for the intended application of bioethanol production using microalgae. The characterization was performed in the ultra-low-level ethanol concentration range, i.e., 0.00633 to 0.03165 %v/v, that is present in real culturing and production conditions, e.g., ethanol-producing blue-green microalgae mixtures. The sensor demonstrated a maximum sensitivity of 210,632.8 %T/%v/v (or 5 × 106 %/RIU as referenced from the RI values of ethanol–water solutions), resolution of 2 × 10−4%v/v (or 9.4 × 10−6 RIU), and LOD of 4.9 × 10−4%v/v (or 2.3 × 10−5 RIU). Additionally, the response and recovery times of the sensor were investigated in the case of measurement in the air and the ethanol-microalgae mixtures. The experimentally verified, extremely high sensitivity and resolution and very low LOD corresponding to the initial rate of bioethanol production using microalgae of this sensor design, combined with ease of fabrication, low cost, and wide measurement range, makes it a promising candidate to be incorporated into the bioethanol production industry as a real-time sensing solution as well as in other ethanol sensing and/or RI sensing applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Corrugated Long Period Grating Surface Balloon-Shaped Heterocore-Structured Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Microalgal Bioethanol Production

Memon

Wang

Strunz

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Alcohol is an organic chemical that dissolves easily in water and is colorless. These chemicals can be used as anti-bacterial, preservatives, and ingredients in alcoholic beverages [12] [13]. Research on the detection of the quality of alcoholic beverages has been reported using optical fiber sensors [14][15][16], and PCF-SPR sensors to detect alcohol concentrations at low temperatures [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imperfection method based on optical fiber for alcohol content detection sensor

Yunus

Aziz²,

Tang³

et al. 2023

J. Pijar.MIPA

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Testing of optical fiber-based sensors using the imperfection method to detect alcohol contents. The sample results from mixing alcohol and distilled water to produce eight samples with an alcohol content level from 0% to 70%. The greater alcohol content causes the output power of the sensor to decrease due to the increase in the refractive index of alcohol content around the sensor. An increase in the refractive index of alcohol content causes power losses to increase, resulting in lost light intensity being transmitted in optical fiber-based sensors. Power losses are increasing to produce the best characteristics of the sensor. The best sensor is shown in the Gamma configuration at imperfection 3 with a sensitivity value of 0.346 µW/%. The imperfection method is suitable for determining the characteristics of optical fiber-based alcohol detection sensors because it has a high sensitivity.

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“…Through this, it is possible to monitor productivity as well as the leakage of gases into the surrounding environment. Therefore, a large number of researchers have paid great attention to the process of creating gas sensors by methods other than those that are expensive techniques such as gas chromatography [13,14], light waves [15,16], and sound waves [17]. The technique for electrochemical sensors and chemical resistance is attractive, such as a gas sensor using metal oxides, graphene, and multilayer carbon tubes [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], as chemical resistance sensors are simple and have the advantage of being integrated into a microsensor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature Ethanol Sensor via Defective Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2022

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This paper focuses on the fabrication of defective-induced nanotubes via the catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and the investigation of their properties toward gas sensing. We have developed defective multi-walled carbon nanotubes with porous and crystalline structures. The catalyst layer used in CNTs’ growth here was based on 18 and 24 nm of Ni, and 5 nm of Cr deposited by the dc-sputtering technique. The CNTs’ defects were characterized by observing the low graphite peak (G-band) and higher defect peaks (D-band) in the Raman spectrum. The defectives sites are the main source of the sensitivity of materials toward different gases. Thus, the current product was used for sensing devices. The device was subjected to various gases such as NO, NO2, CO, acetone, and ethanol at a low operating temperature of 30 °C and a concentration of 50 ppm. The sensor was observed to be less sensitive to most gas while showing the highest response towards ethanol gas. The sensor showed the highest response of 8.8% toward ethanol at 30 °C of 50 ppm, and a low response of 2.8% at 5 ppm, which was investigated here. The signal repeatability of the present sensor showed its capability to detect ethanol at much lower concentrations and at very low operating temperatures, resulting in reliability and saving power consumption. The gas sensing mechanism of direct interaction between the gas molecules and nanotube surface was considered the main. We have also proposed a sensing mechanism based on Coulomb dipole interaction for the physical adsorption of gas molecules on the surface.

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A Review of Optical Fibre Ethanol Sensors: Current State and Future Prospects

Cited by 42 publications

References 98 publications

Novel Corrugated Long Period Grating Surface Balloon-Shaped Heterocore-Structured Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Microalgal Bioethanol Production

Novel Corrugated Long Period Grating Surface Balloon-Shaped Heterocore-Structured Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Microalgal Bioethanol Production

Imperfection method based on optical fiber for alcohol content detection sensor

Low-Temperature Ethanol Sensor via Defective Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

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