A review of organic compounds containing P==S and p(s)sh groups as separatory and analytical reagents

Handley, T.H.

doi:10.1016/0039-9140(65)80139-4

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The extraction power of the extractants containing P = O and P = S is due to either the ionic character or a shift from P = O to P + -Oand from P = S to P + -Sconfiguration. The extraction properties of compounds with P = S bonds are higher than those with P = O bonds owing to the possibility of increasing the ionic character by proper substituents [15]. The stability of complexes formed with the sulfur-containing extractants is stronger than that of the oxygen-containing ones owing to π bonding between the d orbitals of the metal and the donor atoms.…”

Section: Acidity and Extraction Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media

Nguyen

Lee

2020

Metals

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Cyanex extractants, such as Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301, and Cyanex 302 have been commercialized and widely used in the extraction and separation of metal ions in hydrometallurgy. Since Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 are the derivatives of Cyanex 272, these extractants have similar functional groups. In order to understand the different extraction behaviors of these extractants, an understanding of the relationship between their structure and reactivity is important. We reviewed the physicochemical properties of these extractants, such as their solubility in water, polymerization degree, acidity strength, extraction performance of metal ions, and the interaction with diluent and other extractants on the basis of their chemical structure. Synthetic methods for these extractants were also introduced. This information is of great value in the synthesis of new kinds of extractants for the extraction of metals from a diverse medium. From the literature, the extraction and stripping characteristics of metals by Cyanex 272 and its derivatives from inorganic acids such as HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 were also reviewed. The replacement of oxygen with sulfur in the functional groups (P = O to P = S group) has two opposing effects. One is to enhance their acidity and extractability due to an increase in the stability of metal complexes, and the other is to make the stripping of metals from the loaded Cyanex 301 difficult.

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Section: Acidity and Extraction Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media

Nguyen

Lee

2020

Metals

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“…Electron microscope examination was carried out on a Hitachi H600 TEM. Cells for electron microscopy were washed in water and a suspension was placed on a carbon-formvar nickle grid and negatively stained with 0.5% methylamine tungstate (Handley et al 1984).…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It preferentially attaches to keratinized epithelial cells (Sklavounou & Germaine 1980) and can attach to buccal epithelial cells in oitro (Handley et al 1987), reflecting its site of isolation, mainly from the tongue dorsum. Streptococcus salioarius strain HB, (Lancefield K ' ) has been shown to possess a complex fibrillar surface morphology (Handley et al 1984;). Four protein antigens have been identified, two of which are specific classes of cell surface fibril described by their length and presently known * Corresponding author.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermentation products, amino acid utilization, maintenance energies and growth yields for the fibrillar Streptococcus salivarius HB and a non‐fibrillar mutant HB‐B grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation

Harty

Handley

1988

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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The fibrillar strain Streptococcus salivarius HB and a non-fibrillar mutant, strain HB-B, were grown in a defined medium under glucose limitation in a chemostat. Fermentation balances were produced for both strains in batch culture and at growth rates between 0.1/h and 1.1/h. In batch culture both strains fermented glucose to lactate, but in continuous culture glucose was fermented to formate, acetate and ethanol with increasing amounts of lactate as the growth rate was increased. Lactate never became the major fermentation product even at the highest growth rate. Amino acid analysis showed that only lysine was more than 50% utilized, while proline and tyrosine showed net production. The non-fibrillar strain HB-B showed, in general, a reduced utilization of amino acids compared with the fibrillar strain HB. Calculated growth yields and maintenance energies for the two strains showed that there was a reduction in the true growth yield and the maintenance energy coefficient of the non-fibrillar strain HB-B when compared with the fibrillar strain HB. The increase in the maintenance energy of the fibrillar strain HB (1.382 mmol/g/h) when compared with the non-fibrillar strain HB-B (0.546 mmol/g/h) of 153% is proposed to be the energy required for the maintenance of the fibrillar surface of the cell.

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“…This is due to the high reactivity of these compounds and their wide range of practical and useful properties. Sulfur-containing organophosphorus compounds are widely used in engineering, agriculture, and medicine as corrosion protection and salt deposits in industrial waters; stabilizers and plasticizers of polymers; monomers for ion-exchange and thermostable polymers; additives for lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids [1][2][3][4][5]; and complexons and extractants in the isolation of precious, non-ferrous, and heavy metals in hydrometallurgical processes [6][7][8][9]. Extraction methods for the separation and concentration of metals are the most productive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Properties of Sulfur-Containing Organophosphorus Extractants Based on Red Phosphorus, Alkyl Bromides, and Elemental Sulfur

Bishimbayeva¹,

Гусарова

Nalibayeva³

et al. 2023

Materials

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In order to obtain sulfur-containing organophosphorus compounds that are promising as extractants of heavy metals, the interaction of elemental phosphorus and sulfur with alkyl bromides catalyzed using strong bases was studied. According to the task, the reaction of non-toxic and non-flammable red phosphorus with alkyl bromides under conditions of phase transfer catalysts (PTC), followed by the introduction of elemental sulfur into the reaction medium, were studied. It is shown that alkyl bromides interact with red phosphorus when heated (95–105 °C, 5–8 h) under conditions of phase transfer catalysts (PTC) in a two-phase system: a 60% aqueous solution of KOH-toluene-benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) forming a mixture of organophosphorus compounds along with alkylphosphines (57–60%), are the main reaction products; alkylphosphine oxides are also formed (40–43%). The introduction of elemental sulfur (solution in toluene) at the final stage of the process into the reaction mass cooled to 40–60 °C leads to the expected alkylphosphine sulfides, which are the result of the interaction of alkylphosphines with sulfur. The formation of complex mixtures of products prevents the release of target alkylphosphine sulfides in individual form. However, the synthesized mixture of alkylphosphine sulfides and alkylphosphine oxides without separation into individual components is promising for studying its extraction properties in relation to heavy metals. Testing of the extraction properties of synthesized mixtures of alkylphosphine sulfides and alkylphosphine oxides in relation to heavy metals (Ni, Co, Zn, Pb) and noble metals (Ag) showed that the resulting mixtures of tertiary phosphine oxides and phosphine sulfides are highly effective extractants. The degree of extraction in relation to Ni, Co, Zn, and Pb varies from 99.90 to 99.99%, and for Ag from 99.56 to 99.59%.

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A review of organic compounds containing P==S and p(s)sh groups as separatory and analytical reagents

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media

Review on the Comparison of the Chemical Reactivity of Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301 and Cyanex 302 for Their Application to Metal Separation from Acid Media

Fermentation products, amino acid utilization, maintenance energies and growth yields for the fibrillar Streptococcus salivarius HB and a non‐fibrillar mutant HB‐B grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation

Synthesis and Properties of Sulfur-Containing Organophosphorus Extractants Based on Red Phosphorus, Alkyl Bromides, and Elemental Sulfur

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