A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

Raza, Mohsin; Chen, Longfei; Leach, Felix; Ding, Shiting

doi:10.3390/en11061417

Cited by 192 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 150 publications

(252 reference statements)

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“…Book 2009 [13] -Y Y (Y) -Book 2010 [14] -Y Y (Y) -Book 2019 [15] Y Y Y Y Y Book 2019 [16] Y Y Y Y Y Paper 1999 [17] -Y ---Paper 2007 [5] -Y ---Paper 2014 [18] Y ---Y Paper 2014 [19] -Y -Y Y Paper 2015 [20] ---Y Y Paper 2015 [21] Y Y Y Y Y Paper 2017 [22] -Y Y Y Y Paper 2018 [23] -Y Y Y Y Paper 2018 [24] -Y Y -Y Paper 2018 [25] -Y Y Y Y Paper 2019 [26] -Y -Y Y Paper 2019 [27] -Y Y -Y Annual reviews [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] -Y Y Y Y PM = Particulate Matter; SPN = Solid Particle Number.…”

Section: Review Health Engine Fuel Aftertreatment Pm/spnmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

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Section: Review Health Engine Fuel Aftertreatment Pm/spnmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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“…Combustion engines are widely used in vehicles as a result of their high thermal efficiency, high reliability, and good fuel economy. However, the high particulate matter (PM) emissions generated by diesel/gasoline engines constitute an important issue worldwide, as such emissions can cause damage to the environment and human health [1,2]. The stringent emissions regulations currently in effect cannot be met using only technologies that improve the in-cylinder combustion process in engines [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Flow Field from Connection Cones to Monolith Reactors

Sjöblom

Ström

et al. 2019

Energies

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The connection cones between an exhaust pipe and an exhaust after-treatment system (EATS) will affect the flow into the first monolith. In this study, a new streamlined connection cone using non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) is applied to optimize the flow uniformity inside two different monoliths (a gasoline particulate filter and an un-coated monolith). NURBS and conventional cones were created using 3D printing with two different cone angles. The velocities after the monolith were collected to present the uniformity of the flows under different cones and different velocities. The test results indicate that NURBS cones exhibit better performance. Furthermore, all of the pressure drops of the bench test were measured and compared with those of the conventional cones, demonstrating that the NURBS cones can reduce the pressure drop by up to 12%. The computer fluid dynamics simulations depict detailed changes in the flow before and after entering the monolith. The results show that the NURBS cone avoids the generation of a recirculating zone associated with conventional cones and creates a more uniform flow, which causes a lower pressure drop. Meanwhile, the package structure of the NURBS cone can reduce the space requirements. Finally, the implications of the flow distributions are discussed.

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“…In built-up areas, however, it is always possible to detach the range extender range (REX) and use the battery pack installed in the vehicle. In the world literature, one can also find REs in which reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by the ICE used to increase the range of an electric vehicle is accomplished by powering them with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquified natural gas (LNG), hydrogen, alcohol or biofuels [26]. The generator sets of these types can be placed directly on the xEV vehicle or onto an attached trailer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steam and Oxyhydrogen Addition Influence on Energy Usage by Range Extender—Battery Electric Vehicles

Łebkowski

2018

Energies

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The objective of this paper is to illustrate the benefits of the influence of the steam and oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) on the composition of emitted exhaust gases and energy usage of operating the internal combustion engine (ICE) that drives a generator-powered battery electric vehicle (BEV). The employed internal combustion generating sets can be used as trailer mounted electric energy sources allowing one to increase the range of BEV vehicles, mainly during long distance travel between cities. The basic configurations of hybrid and electric propulsion systems used in a given Electric Vehicles (xEV) includes all types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (xHEV) and Battery Electric Vehicles (xBEV), which are discussed. Using the data collected during traction tests in real road traffic (an electric car with a trailer range extender (RE) fitted with ICE generators (5 kW petrol, 6.5 kW diesel), a mathematical model was developed in the Modelica package. The elaborated mathematical model takes into account the dynamic loads acting on the set of vehicles in motion and the electric drive system assisted by the work of RE. Conducted tests with steam and HHO additives for ICE have shown reduced (5–10%) fuel consumption and emissions (3–19%) of harmful gases into the atmosphere.

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A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

Cited by 192 publications

References 150 publications

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Analysis of the Flow Field from Connection Cones to Monolith Reactors

Steam and Oxyhydrogen Addition Influence on Energy Usage by Range Extender—Battery Electric Vehicles

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