A Review of Performance Attenuation and Mitigation Strategies of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Given their high energy/power densities and long cycle time, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have become one type of the most practical power sources for electric/hybrid electric automobile, portable electronics, and power plants. However, the performance attenuation of LIBs has limited their applications in many energy‐related systems. In this review, the performance attenuation mechanisms of LIBs and the effort in development of mitigation strategies are comprehensively reviewed in terms of the commonly used cathode materials and anode materials, electrolytes, and current collectors. Several challenges are analyzed and several further research directions are also proposed for overcoming the challenges toward improvement of LIB performance.

Electrochemical investigation of ion-beam sputter-deposited carbon thin films for Li-ion batteries

“…The thicknesses of the amorphous carbon films were chosen as 16 nm and 230 nm due to reasons based on LIB improvement. Carbon coatings are claimed to represent a mitigation strategy to solve the challenge of low conductivity and degradation in LIBs, i.e., the Li + lost by side reactions and the contact loss of LIB active material from the current collector [2,7,33]. Nano-metric carbon coatings were found to improve cycling of (i) the cheap and environment friendly LiFePO 4 and the high-voltage LiNi x Mn y Co z O2 (NMC, x + y + z = 1) positive electrodes, and of (ii) the cheap and environment friendly graphite and silicon negative electrodes [2,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]33].…”

“…Carbon coatings are claimed to represent a mitigation strategy to solve the challenge of low conductivity and degradation in LIBs, i.e., the Li + lost by side reactions and the contact loss of LIB active material from the current collector [2,7,33]. Nano-metric carbon coatings were found to improve cycling of (i) the cheap and environment friendly LiFePO 4 and the high-voltage LiNi x Mn y Co z O2 (NMC, x + y + z = 1) positive electrodes, and of (ii) the cheap and environment friendly graphite and silicon negative electrodes [2,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]33]. Beyond carbon coatings, Si/C nanocomposite materials are anticipated to be the anode material for the next-generation LIBs [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…However, the cycling proceeds to Li concentrations higher than that of graphite, pointing to different, and up to date unknown, Li insertion and extraction processes. Some updated and closely related reviews on a more complex picture about LIB electrodes can be found in [30][31][32][33].…”

Constructing a novel heterostructure of NiSe2/CoSe2 nanoparticles with boosted sodium storage properties for sodium-ion batteries

“…[1][2][3][4] Among these technologies, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently some of the dominant commercially available battery devices for electrical energy storage and conversion, and have been widely deployed in portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their high energy/power densities and long cyclelife. [5][6][7][8] However, due to the low natural abundance and uneven distribution of lithium (Li) deposits, the concern about the insufficient Li supply for the rapidly increasing application demand for LIBs is growing. 9,10 With respect to this, developing alternative rechargeable batteries based on earth-abundant elements has become a hot topic in both research and industry.…”

Hierarchically Porous FeP Nanospindles Wrapped with Nitrogen–Phosphorus-Codoped Carbon for Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance

“…With the growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the energy requirement for a variety of upcoming large-scale applications ranging from electrical vehicles to power grids, electrode materials with larger power densities and higher security are extensively studied and developed. − In the past decades, graphite based on the traditional intercalation mechanism has been widely utilized for anode materials. However, in graphite anodes, six carbon atoms only allow the intercalation of one lithium ion (6C + x Li + + x e – ↔ Li x C 6 ), leading to a relatively low capacity of 372 mA h g –1 .…”