A review of physical processes used in the safe recycling of lithium ion batteries

Sommerville, Roberto; Shaw-Stewart, James; Goodship, Vannessa; Rowson, Neil A.; Kendrick, Emma

doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00197

Cited by 104 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…According to the results in that study, Li deported heavily into the slag phase at 1300 • C in all investigated conditions. Lithium slagging was also studied by Sommerville et al [14].…”

Section: Trace Elements In the Slagmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The resulting froth fraction and tailings were dewatered and dried in a convection oven at 40 • C (Memmert UE400, Büchenbach, Germany) for 48 h and characterized for Co, Ni, Mn, and Cu content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF, Oxford Instruments, X-MET 5000, Abingdon, United Kingdom). A modest drying temperature was chosen in order to avoid the possible degradation of fluorine-rich active particle surface (electrolyte, PVDF binder) into hazardous compounds, such as HF [14]. To account for the heterogeneous feed, five XRF measurements were performed for each sample, and an average value was calculated.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the electrode materials are considerably finer than the other LIB components, sieving is commonly applied to concentrate the electrodes in the underflow, while the current collector foils (Cu/Al) and other metallic components are mainly separated in the overflow. However, due to the antagonistic effect of the organic PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) binder and the cross-contamination produced by the shredding and comminution of the waste battery packs, the electrode materials are not completely liberated and cannot be fully recovered in the sieve underflow [8,14,15]. To increase the recovery, a common practice is to increase the cutoff point of the sieve, resulting in a decreased grade of the electrodes, as more Fe, Cu, and Al are allowed to pass through the sieve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

et al. 2021

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One possible way of recovering metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is to integrate the recycling with already existing metallurgical processes. This study continues our effort on integrating froth flotation and nickel-slag cleaning process for metal recovery from spent batteries (SBs), using anodic graphite as the main reductant. The SBs used in this study was a froth fraction from flotation of industrially prepared black mass. The effect of different ratios of Ni-slag to SBs on the time-dependent phase formation and metal behavior was investigated. The possible influence of graphite and sulfur contents in the system on the metal alloy/matte formation was described. The trace element (Co, Cu, Ni, and Mn) concentrations in the slag were analyzed using the laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) technique. The distribution coefficients of cobalt and nickel between the metallic or sulfidic phase (metal alloy/matte) and the coexisting slag increased with the increasing amount of SBs in the starting mixture. However, with the increasing concentrations of graphite in the starting mixture (from 0.99 wt.% to 3.97 wt.%), the Fe concentration in both metal alloy and matte also increased (from 29 wt.% to 68 wt.% and from 7 wt.% to 49 wt.%, respectively), which may be challenging if further hydrometallurgical treatment is expected. Therefore, the composition of metal alloy/matte must be adjusted depending on the further steps for metal recovery.

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“…According to the results in that study, Li deported heavily into the slag phase at 1300 • C in all investigated conditions. Lithium slagging was also studied by Sommerville et al [14].…”

Section: Trace Elements In the Slagmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

et al. 2021

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“…All of these have inherently low selectivity coefficients leading to products with lower purity, lower value and necessitate extensive purification to re-enter the manufacturing circle. 44 Pyrometallurgical processing is currently seen as the pragmatic approach to recycling as it already functions for a range of disparate materials; however, it is only economically viable through implementation of significant gate fees to process the material. It is fast and generally safe but will lose the volatile elements and have a higher energy and ancillary input.…”

Section: Critical Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of design in lithium ion battery recycling – a critical review

et al. 2020

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“…Disassembly is also important for high-value recycling, as it enables the better segregation and recovery of material streams with less contamination when compared to, for example, the crushing and milling of whole components or structures [245]. Here, too, design for disassembly can help to enable the closing of resource flows (Section 4.18).…”

Section: Disassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Velenturf

2021

Energies

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Circular economy and renewable energy infrastructure such as offshore wind farms are often assumed to be developed in synergy as part of sustainable transitions. Offshore wind is among the preferred technologies for low-carbon energy. Deployment is forecast to accelerate over ten times faster than onshore wind between 2021 and 2025, while the first generation of offshore wind turbines is about to be decommissioned. However, the growing scale of offshore wind brings new sustainability challenges. Many of the challenges are circular economy-related, such as increasing resource exploitation and competition and underdeveloped end-of-use solutions for decommissioned components and materials. However, circular economy is not yet commonly and systematically applied to offshore wind. Circular economy is a whole system approach aiming to make better use of products, components and materials throughout their consecutive lifecycles. The purpose of this study is to enable the integration of a sustainable circular economy into the design, development, operation and end-of-use management of offshore wind infrastructure. This will require a holistic overview of potential circular economy strategies that apply to offshore wind, because focus on no, or a subset of, circular solutions would open the sector to the risk of unintended consequences, such as replacing carbon impacts with water pollution, and short-term private cost savings with long-term bills for taxpayers. This study starts with a systematic review of circular economy and wind literature as a basis for the coproduction of a framework to embed a sustainable circular economy throughout the lifecycle of offshore wind energy infrastructure, resulting in eighteen strategies: design for circular economy, data and information, recertification, dematerialisation, waste prevention, modularisation, maintenance and repair, reuse and repurpose, refurbish and remanufacturing, lifetime extension, repowering, decommissioning, site recovery, disassembly, recycling, energy recovery, landfill and re-mining. An initial baseline review for each strategy is included. The application and transferability of the framework to other energy sectors, such as oil and gas and onshore wind, are discussed. This article concludes with an agenda for research and innovation and actions to take by industry and government.

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A review of physical processes used in the safe recycling of lithium ion batteries

Abstract: Please refer to published version for the most recent bibliographic citation information. If a published version is known of, the repository item page linked to above, will contain details on accessing it.

Cited by 104 publications

References 101 publications

Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

Worth from Waste: Utilizing a Graphite-Rich Fraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries as Alternative Reductant in Nickel Slag Cleaning

The importance of design in lithium ion battery recycling – a critical review

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

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