The importance of design in lithium ion battery recycling – a critical review

Thompson, Dana L.; Hartley, Jennifer M.; Lambert, Simon; Shiref, Muez; Harper, Gavin; Kendrick, Emma; Anderson, Paul A.; Ryder, Karl S.; Gaines, Linda; Abbott, Andrew P.

doi:10.1039/d0gc02745f

Cited by 269 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Newer large cell designs such as the Build Your Dreams Auto Co., Ltd. (BYD) Blade may enable easier cell disassembly. In the meantime, researchers are working on robotic disassembly [18,19]. One company in Switzerland has a semiautomated process, but it is only designed to operate on the single cell design they use for their small mail delivery vehicles.…”

Section: Disassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center

et al. 2021

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The expected rapid growth in electric vehicle deployment will inevitably be followed by a corresponding rise in the supply of end-of-life vehicles and their lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The batteries may be reused, but will eventually be spent and provide a potential domestic resource that can help supply materials for future battery production. However, commercial recycling processes depend on profits from recovery of cobalt, use of which is being reduced in new cathode chemistries. The U.S. Department of Energy, therefore, established the ReCell Center in early 2019 to develop robust LIB recycling technology that would be economical even for batteries that contain no cobalt. The central feature of the technology is recovery of the cathode material with its unique crystalline cathode morphology intact in order to retain its value and functionality. Other materials are recovered as well in order to maximize revenues and minimize waste-handling costs. Analysis and modeling serve to evaluate and compare process options so that we can identify those that will be most economical while still minimizing energy use and environmental impacts. This paper provides background and describes highlights of the center’s first 2 years of operation.

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Section: Disassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center

et al. 2021

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“…[40][41][42][43][44] Currently, 80% of lithium-ion batteries are used for small electronics, with EV and ESS applications accounting for less than 20%. 45 Lithiumion battery disposal was estimated to be 10 700 tons in 2012. 46 This value has increased progressively each year, with an estimate of up to 250 000 tons in 2020.…”

Section: Materials Advances Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…46 This value has increased progressively each year, with an estimate of up to 250 000 tons in 2020. 45 With the large-scale adoption of EVs and ESSs, the number of lithium-ion batteries in service is expected to increase. Discarded lithium-ion batteries are collected by government authorities or companies authorized by the manufacturer.…”

Section: Materials Advances Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review

2021

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“…by 2030. [1][2][3][4] Contemporary electric vehicles have an average battery life expectancy of about 10 years, and if other factors that remove vehicles from use are included, such as insurance write-offs and voluntary scrapping, the amount of lithium ion battery waste that needs to be recycled could exceed 42 000 tonnes in the UK alone. 2 To put that in perspective, in 2019 it is estimated that 100 000 tonnes of LIBs were recycled worldwide, with approximately 2 3 of this being carried out in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%