A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials

Fico, Daniela; Rizzo, Daniela; Casciaro, Raffaele; Corcione, Carola Esposito

doi:10.3390/polym14030465

Cited by 154 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(275 reference statements)

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“…This method can hold debris up to 50 mm and attain 50–65% of the tensile strength of fresh carbon fibers. The most serious risk for this method is the dust generated by the recycling mechanism [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Fiber/PLA Recycled Composite

et al. 2022

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Due exceptional properties such as its high-temperature resistance, mechanical characteristics, and relatively lower price, the demand for carbon fiber has been increasing over the past years. The widespread use of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers or plastics (CFRP) has attracted many industries. However, on the other hand, the increasing demand for carbon fibers has created a waste recycling problem that must be overcome. In this context, increasing plastic waste from the new 3D printing technology has been increased, contributing to a greater need for recycling efforts. This research aims to produce a recycled composite made from different carbon fiber leftover resources to reinforce the increasing waste of Polylactic acid (PLA) as a promising solution to the growing demand for both materials. Two types of leftover carbon fiber waste from domestic industries are handled: carbon fiber waste (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP). Two strategies are adopted to produce the recycled composite material, mixing PLA waste with CF one time and with CFRP the second time. The recycled composites are tested under tensile test conditions to investigate the impact of the waste carbon reinforcement on PLA properties. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is carried out on composites to study their thermal properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Fiber/PLA Recycled Composite

et al. 2022

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“…The FDM 3D printing process (or fused filament fabrication (FFF)) consists of filament extrusion that is deposited layer by layer through a printing nozzle (Figure 2A) [19]. This deposit is produced according to the X, Y and Z coordinates of the 3D model to be printed.…”

Section: Additive Manufacturing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed and Conventional Membranes—A Review

et al. 2022

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Polymer membranes are central to the proper operation of several processes used in a wide range of applications. The production of these membranes relies on processes such as phase inversion, stretching, track etching, sintering, or electrospinning. A novel and competitive strategy in membrane production is the use of additive manufacturing that enables the easier manufacture of tailored membranes. To achieve the future development of better membranes, it is necessary to compare this novel production process to that of more conventional techniques, and clarify the advantages and disadvantages. This review article compares a conventional method of manufacturing polymer membranes to additive manufacturing. A review of 3D printed membranes is also done to give researchers a reference guide. Membranes from these two approaches were compared in terms of cost, materials, structures, properties, performance. and environmental impact. Results show that very few membrane materials are used as 3D-printed membranes. Such membranes showed acceptable performance, better structures, and less environmental impact compared with those of conventional membranes.

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“…Since PLA is a highly hygroscopic polymer that is very sensitive to high temperatures (around 200 °C), its outdoor durability is low due to the synergistic effects of air humidity, temperature and UV irradiation. The latter makes PLA not suitable for all applications [ 85 ].…”

Section: Concerns and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Wood in Additive Manufacturing: Review and Future Prospects

Tomec

Kariž

2022

Polymers

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Polymers filled with natural-based fillers have shown growing demand/interest in recent years, including in additive manufacturing. Like most natural fillers in 3D printing, wood particles serve mainly as a filler that lowers the cost of the printing material due to their low price. However, could wood be used as a main ingredient to affect/improve the properties of 3D-printed parts? Several advantages, such as its reinforcing ability, biodegradability, availability as waste material from other industries, ability to be used in different forms or only in partial components, recycling options or even the use of its undesirable hydromorph-induced dimensional instability for 4D printing, indicate the importance of exploring its use in 3D printing. A review of publications on 3D printing with wood biomass and technologies involving the use of wood particles and components was conducted to identify the possibilities of using wood in additive technologies and their potential.

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A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials

Cited by 154 publications

References 144 publications

Carbon Fiber/PLA Recycled Composite

Carbon Fiber/PLA Recycled Composite

3D Printed and Conventional Membranes—A Review

Use of Wood in Additive Manufacturing: Review and Future Prospects

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