A Review of Pseudorabies Virus Variants: Genomics, Vaccination, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential

Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease, has a broad host range including most mammals and avian species. In 2011, a PRV variant emerged in many Bartha K61-vaccinated pig herds in China and has attracted more and more attention due to its serious threat to domestic and wild animals, and even human beings. The PRV variant has been spreading in China for more than 10 years, and considerable research progresses about its molecular biology, pathogenesis, transmission, and host–virus interactions have been made. This review is mainly organized into four sections including outbreak and genomic evolution characteristics of PRV variants, progresses of PRV variant vaccine development, the pathogenicity and transmission of PRV variants among different species of animals, and the zoonotic potential of PRV variants. Considering PRV has caused a huge economic loss of animals and is a potential threat to public health, it is necessary to extensively explore the mechanisms involved in its replication, pathogenesis, and transmission in order to ultimately eradicate it in China.

Gallocatechin Gallate Inhibits the Replication of Pseudorabies Virus via Suppressing the Entry and Release Stages in Its Replication Cycle

“…Moreover, similar to other herpesviruses, PRV also has a range wide of infection species, including sheep, cats, coyotes, foxes, rats, deer, bears, rabbits, dogs, horses, bats, wolves, mice, cattle, etc. [ 25 ]. In contrast to pigs, other animals infected with PRV die several days after infection [ 23 , 26 ].…”

Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Usage in Vaccine Development against Swine Infectious Disease

“…Since the 1990s, few swine PR cases have been reported due to PRV Bartha-K61 [ 4 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. However, the PR outbreak occurred at the farm where pigs were vaccinated with Bartha-K61, which was caused by PRV variants and resulted in severe economic losses from 2011 [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Vaccines remain the most effective method to control PRV infection.…”

Progress on innate immune evasion and live attenuated vaccine of pseudorabies virus

“…Later, the researchers found many deletions in the US region of Bartha K61, including complete deletion of the US8 and US9 genes and partial deletion of US7 and US2 (Mettenleiter et al, 1985;Petrovskis et al, 1986). With advances in PRV genetics and molecular biology, the role of PRV genes is being unrecovered, and more genedeleted PRV vaccines are being developed by a various technologies (Tomishima and Enquist, 2001;Pomeranz et al, 2005;Bo and Li, 2022). Genetic engineering techniques such as homologous recombination, and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system allow rapid construction of genedeleted strains for as live attenuated vaccine candidates.…”