A Review of Pulsed Current Technique for Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have been competitive in Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to their high energy density and long lifetime. However, there are still issues, which have to be solved, related to the fast-charging capability of EVs. The pulsed current charging technique is expected to improve the lifetime, charging speed, charging/discharging capacity, and the temperature rising of Li-ion batteries. However, the impact of the pulsed current parameters (i.e., frequency, duty cycle, and magnitude) on characteristics of Li-ion batteries has not been fully understood yet. This paper summarizes the existing pulsed current modes, which are positive Pulsed Current Mode (PPC) and its five extended modes, and Negative Pulsed Current (NPC) mode and its three extended modes. An overview of the impact of pulsed current techniques on the performance of Li-ion batteries is presented. Then the main impact factors of the PPC strategy and the NPC strategy are analyzed and discussed. The weight of these impact factors on lifetime, charging speed, charging/discharging capacity, and the temperature rising of batteries is presented, which provides guidance to design advanced charging/discharging strategies as well as to determine future research gaps.

Small‐signal‐based study of a two stage AC/DC and DC/DC battery charger using battery one time constant model

“…As it can be understood from (2) and 3, by increasing magnitude of loop gain, the effect of i^b at on voltage loop and v^c f on current loop decreases. By appropriate tuning of PI controllers, the impact of disturbance can be mitigated in low frequencies than crossover frequency.…”

“…The maximum current drawn from inductor is 24 A (at 1 kW) and flux density is considered 3 A/mm 2 . Therefore, A w results in 8 mm 2 . The turn number and air gap can be calculated using the following equations, respectively [33]:…”

“…In recent years, due to certain special features such as high power and energy density, high safety, long lifetime, high capacity and capability of fast charging, the use of lithium-ion batteries have attracted much attention in commercial electric vehicles (EVs) [1][2][3]. Based on power and charge speed, low power AC and high power DC fast battery chargers are used [4].…”

Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview

“…The battery charging protocol is closely related to the daily usage of the EV and to the battery's SOH, which will be reflected in the charging time. In order to reduce the charging time and negative effect on the battery from high currents, several alternative charging protocols are proposed in the literature, which are: Multistage Constant Current (MCC) charging, Pulse Charging (PC), Constant Power Constant Voltage (CP-CV), Variable Current Profile (VCP) and Constant Current Pulsed Charging (CC-PC) [38][39][40][41]. To achieve fast charging and slow down the battery's aging process, researchers proposed the Multistage Constant Current (MCC) protocol as one of the earliest charging types.…”

“…This is a very promising charging method, but the optimal value and duration of the current level need to be further researched [42]. To reduce the concentration polarization and mechanical stresses, charging is periodically interrupted by short rest periods (as presented in Figure 4c) or discharge pulses in the pulse charging protocols [41]. In [38], the authors found that the cycle life is similar to the battery when charged by CC-CV method; nevertheless, according to the results presented in [41], there is no overall agreement regarding the positive and/or negative effects on battery performance and lifetime of the pulsed charging methods.…”