A Review of Research on Tree Risk Assessment Methods

Li, Haibin; Zhang, Xiaowei; Li, Zeqing; Wen, Jian; Xu, Tian‐Rui

doi:10.3390/f13101556

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…The study presented here makes a suitable contribution to this evaluation by providing a decision tree and some rules of thumb for assessing the developmental status of inosculated stems. Our approach is based on measurements of the diameters of the conjoined stems above and below the inosculation and can be applied by an experienced arborist directly in the field in a similar way to established assessments within the field of arboriculture [ 50 , 51 ]. Through simple measurements or even mere visual assessments, the degree of physiological connectivity of single inosculations or, on a larger scale, more complex structures with multiple inosculations can be quickly evaluated to make immediate on-site maintenance decisions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjoining Trees for the Provision of Living Architecture in Future Cities: A Long-Term Inosculation Study

Mylo

Ludwig

Rahman

et al. 2023

Plants

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Faced with the environmental challenges posed by climate change, architects are creating nature-based solutions for urban areas, such as transforming living trees into artificial architectural structures. In this study, we have analyzed stem pairs of five tree species conjoined for more than eight years by measuring the stem diameters below and above the resulting inosculation and by calculating the respective diameter ratio. Our statistical analyses reveal that Platanus x hispanica and Salix alba stems do not differ significantly in diameter below inosculation. However, in contrast to P. x hispanica, the diameters of the conjoined stems above inosculation differ significantly in S. alba. We provide a binary decision tree based on diameter comparisons above and below inosculation as a straightforward tool for identifying the likelihood of full inosculation with water exchange. Moreover, we have compared branch junctions and inosculations by means of anatomical analyses, micro-computed tomography, and 3D reconstructions showing similarities in the formation of common annual rings that increase the capacity for water exchange. Due to the highly irregular cell arrangement in the center of the inosculations, cells cannot be assigned clearly to either of the stems. In contrast, cells in the center of branch junctions can always be attributed to one of the branches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjoining Trees for the Provision of Living Architecture in Future Cities: A Long-Term Inosculation Study

Mylo

Ludwig

Rahman

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…Urban trees, distinct from forest trees, are characterized by complex growth environments, a greater vulnerability to damage, and wind tunnel effects caused by high-rise construction [96][97][98]. Therefore, the arborist control of old trees is essential in the city.…”

Section: Discussion-combination Of Four Tree Assessment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Methods of Senile Trees Inventory in Sustainable Urban Greenery Management on the Example of the City of Sandomierz (Poland)

Durlak

Dudkiewicz

Milecka

2022

Land

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The sustainable management of urban greenery consists, among others, of the inventory, valuation, and protection of trees of monumental size. This article presents the results of the inspection of 13 large trees growing in the city of Sandomierz, located in south-eastern Poland. The examined specimens belong to five species: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), white poplar (Populus alba L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.), and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill.). The health condition of the trees was assessed using acoustic and electrical tomography, as well as chlorophyll fluorescence tests. Diagnostics employing sound waves and electrical resistivity were crucial in assessing tree health. The data based on chlorophyll fluorescence confirmed the results obtained during tomographic examinations. It was an innovative combination of three non-invasive methods of examining the health condition of trees and their valuation. Economic valuation allows us to reduce to common denominator issues that are often difficult to decide due to different perspectives—expressing the economic value of trees. Calculating the value of trees allowed us to show the city’s inhabitants the value of trees that are of monumental size. Thanks to the cooperation of scientists with the city authorities, an economic plan for trees of monumental size was created, distinguished by an individualized and holistic approach to each specimen covered by the study. The database prepared has a chance to become an effective management instrument used by environmental protection authorities and a source of knowledge and education for the city’s inhabitants.

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“…Other abiotic and biotic stressors (such as insect pests and pathogens) also directly, largely impact the health of these valuable urban trees. They are prone to defoliation, staining, boring, loss of branches, and developing deformities like hollows, cavities, decays, which all pose increased risks of failure to nearby people, cars, properties, utilities, and disruption of activities (Li et al, 2022;Suchocka et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geodatabase and Health Risk Assessment of Avenue Trees within Three Selected Roads in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

Israel¹,

Alo²

2023

Preprint

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The campuses of Nigerian universities especially the old ones, like the University of Ibadan, comprise old trees which can pose a threat to pedestrians, structures, and roads within the school environments. However, there is no adequate information on these avenue trees thereby impeding their sustainable management. Therefore, this study provides the basic information needed by developing a geodatabase for the avenue trees along Benue, Emotan and Oduduwa roads within the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The coordinates of all the avenue trees, and some within the selected roads were obtained. Tree growth data collected include; diameter at the breast height (dbh), diameter at the base, middle and at the top, crown height, crown diameter, and total height of all the avenue trees. Tree visual evaluation for diseases (TVED) was carried out for root decay, and termite attack on any part of the tree (stem, leaves and visible part of the root). Risk rate was assessed as low, medium and high, depending on the potential target (human, vehicles, structures). The risk rate depended on the incidence of leaning towards a building or road, cracked branches, root attack by termites, basal decay or branch decay. The growth data were used to compute the tree volume while the avenue trees were georeferenced. The physical health status of the avenue trees was determined using TVED data. The spatial distribution of the avenue trees was developed in GIS while all the analysed data were pulled together to develop a geodatabase for the avenue tress using design templates of BOOTSTRAP, comprising of Hypertext Markup Language, Cascade Style Sheets, JavaScripts and Hypertext Preprocessor. A total of 121 individual avenue trees belonging to 14 species were identified in the study area. The analysis of the geospatial distribution shows that Emotan Road had a lesser spatial distribution of avenue trees compared to Benue and Oduduwa roads. Furthermore, the health risk assessment of the trees in the study area indicated that 17.35% of the individual avenue trees had defects. The database created is user-friendly, suitable and has the ability for easy data storage and quick information retrieval on the avenue trees to enhance their maintenance and risk management. This can be accessed using the link http://159.203.29.155/rebs/rebs.php.

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A Review of Research on Tree Risk Assessment Methods

Cited by 21 publications

References 100 publications

Conjoining Trees for the Provision of Living Architecture in Future Cities: A Long-Term Inosculation Study

Conjoining Trees for the Provision of Living Architecture in Future Cities: A Long-Term Inosculation Study

A Combined Methods of Senile Trees Inventory in Sustainable Urban Greenery Management on the Example of the City of Sandomierz (Poland)

Geodatabase and Health Risk Assessment of Avenue Trees within Three Selected Roads in the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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