A Review of RFID Sensors, the New Frontier of Internet of Things

Through the latest technological and conceptual developments, the centralized cloud-computing approach has moved to structures such as edge, fog, and the Internet of Things (IoT), approaching end users. As mobile network operators (MNOs) implement the new 5G standards, enterprise computing function shifts to the edge. In parallel to interconnection topics, there is the issue of global impact over the environment. The idea is to develop IoT devices to eliminate the greenhouse effect of current applications. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the technology that has this potential, and it can be used in applications ranging from identifying a person to granting access in a building. Past studies have focused on how to improve RFID communication or to achieve maximal throughput. However, for many applications, system latency and availability are critical aspects. This paper examines, through stochastic Petri nets (SPNs), the availability, dependability, and latency of an object-identification system that uses RFID tags. Through the performed analysis, the optimal balance between latency and throughput was identified. Analyzing multiple communication scenarios revealed the availability of such a system when deployed at the edge layer.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rfid Collision Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Availability of an RFID Object-Identification System in IoT Environments

Corches

Daraban

Miclea

2021

“…Chipless RFID tags can be manufactured at low cost because they do not use a chip, but there are limitations on performance, such as recognition distance and memory storage. Chipless RFID tags can also be classified according to the operational method, such as magnetic material-based, printed electronic circuit-based, and microwave resonator-based [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humidity-Sensing Chipless RFID Tag with Enhanced Sensitivity Using an Interdigital Capacitor Structure

Yeo

Lee

Kwon

2021

An eight-bit chipless radio frequency identification tag providing humidity sensing and identification information is proposed. A compact, enhanced-sensitivity resonator based on an interdigital capacitor (IDC) structure is designed for humidity sensing, whereas seven electric-field-coupled inductor capacitor (ELC) resonators are used for identification information. These eight resonators are placed in a two-by-four array arrangement. A step-by-step investigation for the effect of varying the number of elements and array configuration on the resonant frequency and radar cross-section (RCS) magnitude of the IDC resonator is conducted. The RCS value of the resonant peak frequency for the IDC resonator increases as the number of array elements placed nearby increases due to the mutual coupling among the elements, and the increase in the RCS value becomes larger as the number of arrays increases in the vertical direction. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is coated on the IDC-based resonator at a thickness of 0.02 mm. A non-reflective temperature and humidity chamber is fabricated using Styrofoam, and the relative humidity (RH) is varied from 50% to 80% in 10% intervals at 25 °C in order to measure a bistatic RCS of the proposed tag. The humidity sensing performance of the IDC resonator in the proposed tag is measured by the shift in the resonant peak frequency and the RCS value, and is compared with a single ELC resonator. Experiment results show that when RH increased from 50% to 80%, the sensitivities of both the resonant peak frequency and the RCS value of the IDC resonator were better than those of the ELC resonator. The variation in the RCS value is much larger compared to the resonant peak frequency for both IDC and ELC resonators. In addition, the resonant peak frequency and RCS value of the PVA-coated IDC-based resonator change, whereas those of the other seven resonators without a PVA coating do not change.

“…Each topology and technology used has their own advantages and disadvantages, which need to be taken into consideration when designing a WSN for a specific application. One of the studied communication technologies for WSNs is radio frequency identification (RFID) in the high-frequency (HF) band [ 1 , 2 ]. One of the main fields covering the HF RFID is NFC (near field communication), issued by the NFC Forum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase Detection and Modulation Improvement for Active Load Modulation during Continuous Transmission

Suhadolnik¹,

Rozman²,

Svete³

et al. 2021

The paper covers one of the communication technologies used in wireless sensor networks. We have presented improvements in existing radio frequency identification (RFID) systems to address the problem of the phase selection in active load modulation (ALM). The phase selection affects the interoperability of communication devices and has to be addressed in the design phase of a new tag. A novel transmission method is presented to make the phase selection irrelevant for device interoperability. A second solution is shown to improve the existing system synchronization, which allows operation with arbitrary selected phase. A mathematical analysis of signals present on the antenna was used together with the reference reader model to perform an analysis of proposed improvements. We proved that the proposed transmission method is less affected by phase selection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that existing system improvement allows synchronization and operation at an arbitrarily selected phase despite the continuous transmission and large signal-to-interference ratio.