A review of satellite-based atomic oxygen sensing methods

Holmes, Brandon; Oiko, Vitor Toshiyuki Abrao; Roberts, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100886

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Atomic Oxygen: AO is the most significant cause in the LEO environment for the deterioration of spacecraft materials, especially polymers, because of its oxidative and corrosive properties. [11,12,44,45] Although the oxygen atoms are thermal, at the temperature of the thermosphere (≈1000 K), their collisions with the ram surfaces of space vehicles traveling at a relative velocity of ≈7.5 km s −1 are equivalent to those of O atoms with ≈4.5 eV of translational energy, with a flux of 10 14 -10 15 O-atoms cm −2 s −1 . Hydrocarbon-based polymers are very susceptible to AO attack with erosion yields of 1-6 × 10 −24 cm 3 O-atom −1 .…”

Section: Space Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9][10][11] Among these parameters, AO, prevalent at low Earth orbit (LEO) altitudes, stands out as a significant contributor to the deterioration of spacecraft materials, particularly polymers and optical coatings. [11,12] The vacuum conditions of space also give rise to concerns about outgassing, leading to molecular contamination and potential mission limitations. [13] Furthermore, ionizing radiation can cause the degradation of polymers through either cross-linking or scissioning mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Space Durable 3D Printed High‐Performance Polymers Based on Cyanate Ester/Extended‐Bismaleimide

Grossman,

Atar,

Bolker

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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To accomplish the potential of the New‐Space emerging era and facilitate scientific and commercial space exploration, the development of versatile, customized, and affordable space technologies is essential. 3D printing is established as a disruptive technology, enabling the production of complex and lightweight structures with enhanced performance. However, the harsh conditions of the space environment, including atomic oxygen (AO), extreme temperatures, and ionizing radiation, pose significant challenges to the durability and longevity of additive manufacturing‐produced polymers. Until now, there are no additive‐manufacturing polymeric materials that are specifically developed and qualified to withstand space hazards. To address these challenges, novel materials for additive manufacturing, composed of cyanate ester and extended‐bismaleimide are engineered to withstand the extreme conditions in space. The developed materials demonstrate superior thermo‐mechanical properties (flexural stress of 72 MPa and Tg = 260 °C), enhanced durability to AO erosion, ionizing radiation (10 years in orbit), and thermal stability (Td5% = 360 °C). Moreover, it is found that printing orientation governs the AO erosion, thus guiding optimal printing designs for enhanced durability to AO. The materials show improved performance, endurance, and reliability, thus contributing to the development of space‐qualified components and enabling the advancement of additive manufacturing for future space missions.

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Section: Space Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Space Durable 3D Printed High‐Performance Polymers Based on Cyanate Ester/Extended‐Bismaleimide

Grossman,

Atar,

Bolker

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The presence of atomic oxygen undermines the aerodynamic performance of spacecraft and can lead to erosion and damage in the external surfaces and imaging equipment of spacecraft ( Fig. 2 ) [ 17 , 18 ]. The objective of recent technological developments has been to resolve spacecraft issues in the VLEO and provide the highest possible satellite orbit stability [ [19] , [20] , [21] ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%