A Review of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Technology in Indonesia: Comparison and Recommendation of Environment-friendly Process

Zakiyya, Hanna; Distya, Yosha Dima; Ellen, Robert

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/288/1/012074

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Peleburan timbel adalah proses yang membutuhkan perhatian khusus dan regulasi yang tepat karena memiliki potensi pencemaran lingkungan terbesar. Di Indonesia, diperkirakan terdapat lebih dari 200 fasilitas peleburan baterai Timbel-Asam [26]. Namun, terdapat banyak laporan tentang peleburan informal yang mengarah ke polusi dan tingkat timah berbahaya di atmosfer sekitarnya [26].…”

Section: Baterai Timbel-asamunclassified

“…Di Indonesia, diperkirakan terdapat lebih dari 200 fasilitas peleburan baterai Timbel-Asam [26]. Namun, terdapat banyak laporan tentang peleburan informal yang mengarah ke polusi dan tingkat timah berbahaya di atmosfer sekitarnya [26]. Salah satu contoh tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mengurangi peleburan informal adalah kasus Desa Cinangka di Bogor [27].…”

Section: Baterai Timbel-asamunclassified

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Pemilihan Baterai Kendaraan Listrik dengan Metoda Weighted Objective

Brunner¹,

Brunner²

2021

JSE

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Transportation is a sector that contributes significantly to CO2 gas emissions and has the potential to continue to increase along with the addition of fossil fuel vehicles. Indonesia has plans to switch to electric vehicles as an alternative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. The battery is an important component of an electric vehicle, and there are several alternative technologies that can be used. This paper simulates the selection of a suitable battery from various type of batteries, including Lead-acid (PbA), Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-ion (Li-ion). The selection is made using the weighted objective method by presenting 5 criteria: energy density; emissions generated for battery production; energy factor of the manufacturing process; availability of critical raw materials required for cathodes and anodes; and availability of recycling facilities. Supporting data to determine the magnitude of each criterion is obtained from literature reviews. The analysis and comparison was carried out by giving weight to the assessment based on the data obtained. The results of calculations carried out in the paper show that the Lead-acid battery is a viable option for use at current time.However, if Indonesia already has NiMH and Li-ion battery recycling facilities, or is capable of producing Lithium-ion batteries, then the criteria and calculation factors can be added and improved.

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Section: Baterai Timbel-asamunclassified

Pemilihan Baterai Kendaraan Listrik dengan Metoda Weighted Objective

Brunner¹,

Brunner²

2021

JSE

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“…1,2 Among present various battery technologies, lead-acid (PbA), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), nickel-cadmium (NiCd), and lithiumion (Li-ion) are the major chemistries toward different applications due to their specific characteristics related to energy density, power density, durability, and economic feasibility. [3][4][5] Despite the growing popularity of Li-ion and NiMH batteries, the demand for PbA batteries grows proportionately due to their ease in availability, manufacturing, maintenance, reliability, recycling, and cost. 6 Lead-acid battery demand is higher in large-scale applications such as renewable energy storage systems, that is, wind and solar technologies, despite having lower energy density (<50 Wh/kg).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Battery technologies are being established rapidly due to the increasing demand in portable devices, stationary frameworks, and electric vehicles 1,2 . Among present various battery technologies, lead‐acid (PbA), nickel‐metal hydride (NiMH), nickel–cadmium (NiCd), and lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) are the major chemistries toward different applications due to their specific characteristics related to energy density, power density, durability, and economic feasibility 3–5 . Despite the growing popularity of Li‐ion and NiMH batteries, the demand for PbA batteries grows proportionately due to their ease in availability, manufacturing, maintenance, reliability, recycling, and cost 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure analysis of lead‐acid batteries at extreme operating temperatures

et al. 2023

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The lead‐acid battery system is designed to perform optimally at ambient temperature (25°C) in terms of capacity and cyclability. However, varying climate zones enforce harsher conditions on automotive lead‐acid batteries. Hence, they aged faster and showed lower performance when operated at extremity of the optimum ambient conditions. In this work, a systematic study was conducted to analyze the effect of varying temperatures (−10°C, 0°C, 25°C, and 40°C) on the sealed lead acid. Enersys® Cyclon (2 V, 5 Ah) cells were cycled at C/10 rate using a battery testing system. Environmental aging results in shorter cycle life due to the degradation of electrode and grid materials at higher temperatures (25°C and 40°C), while at lower temperatures (−10°C and 0°C), negligible degradation was observed due to slower kinetics and reduced available capacity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis were used to evaluate the degradation mechanism and chemical and morphological changes.

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“…4,5 Among present various battery technologies, Lead-Acid (PbA), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) and Lithium-ion (Li-ion) are the major chemistries towards different applications due to their specific characteristics related to energy density, power density, durability, and economic feasibility. [6][7][8] Even though the growing popularity of Li-ion and NiMH batteries, the demand for PbA batteries grows proportionately due to their ease in availability, manufacturing, maintenance, reliability, recycling and cost. 9 Lead acid battery demand is higher in large-scale applications such as renewable energy storage system, e.g., wind and solar technologies despite having lower energy density (< 50 Wh/kg).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure Analysis of Lead-acid Batteries at Extreme Operating Temperatures

Prasad¹,

Prakash

Kamavaram

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Lead-acid battery system is designed to perform optimally at ambient temperature (25 °C) in terms of capacity and cyclability. However, varying climate zones enforce harsher conditions on the automotive lead acid batteries. Hence, they age faster and exhibit low performance when operated at either extremity of the optimum ambient conditions. In this work, a systematic study was conducted to analyze the effect of varying temperatures (-10, 0, 25 and 40 °C) on the sealed lead acid. Enersys® Cyclon (2V, 5Ah) cells were cycled at C/10 rate using battery testing system. The environmental aging results in shorter cycle life due to the degradation of electrode, and grid materials at higher temperature (25 and 40 °C), while at lower temperature (-10 and 0 °C) negligible degradation was observed due to slower kinetics and reduced available capacity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis were used to evaluate the degradation mechanism, chemical and morphological changes.

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A Review of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Technology in Indonesia: Comparison and Recommendation of Environment-friendly Process

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Pemilihan Baterai Kendaraan Listrik dengan Metoda Weighted Objective

Pemilihan Baterai Kendaraan Listrik dengan Metoda Weighted Objective

Failure analysis of lead‐acid batteries at extreme operating temperatures

Failure Analysis of Lead-acid Batteries at Extreme Operating Temperatures

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