A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts

Maroa, Semakula; Inambao, Freddie L.

doi:10.1002/elsc.202100025

Cited by 44 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 366 publications

(410 reference statements)

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“…The performance of the transesterification for biodiesel production is significantly decreased when a homogeneous basic catalyst is used under a feedstock having a high FFA content (that results in saponification during the production) [54]. This saponification degrades the catalyst [55], lowering the biodiesel yield and increasing the cost of production [56]. In particular, glycerol extraction and biodiesel purity are affected by saponification, increasing the cost of treating the basic/alkaline wastewater from the production [57].…”

Section: Homogeneous Basic Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

et al. 2022

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There has been growing and recent interest in using non-edible feedstocks such as waste animal fats as alternate to vegetable oils in biodiesel production to address food vs fuel debate. The waste animal fats are cost effective and yield the biodiesel of good quality. Therefore, waste animal fats are appealing and excellent feedstocks to produce biodiesel. Commercially, the biodiesel is obtained by transesterification reaction of triglycerides present in oil/fat with alcohol in presence of homogeneous base catalysts. However, free fatty acids found in low-quality oil feedstocks are particularly sensitive to homogeneous base catalysts, necessitating extra acid pretreatment and neutralization procedures that not only raise the overall expense of producing biodiesel but also create environmental contamination. Optimistically, the use of solid catalysts can offer an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and practical route for the manufacture of biodiesel from inexpensive oil feedstocks, including waste animal fat. The present review article covers catalyzed transesterification/esterification using various catalysts with particular focus on use of heterogeneous catalysts when using waste animal fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. Particularly, the properties of biodiesel obtained from waste animal fats are also compared to biodiesel properties of standard organizations such as European Committee of Standardization and the American Society for Testing and Materials. Moreover, this paper also offers future research directions that can direct researchers to fill in knowledge gaps impeding the creation of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for long-term biodiesel generation. To the best of our knowledge, the valorization of waste animal fats from slaughterhouse is not feasible and have some techno-economic concerns. However, this technology is more desirable considering environmental point of view to address the pollution problems caused by these wastes.

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Section: Homogeneous Basic Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

et al. 2022

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“…Alkaline-earth metal oxides are usually applied as a solid base catalyst for transesterification because they have high basicity and are suitable for biodiesel production. The order of solid heterogeneous catalysts activity such as alkaline-earth metal oxide activity is BaO > SrO > CaO > MgO, respectively [12,13]. Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the heterogeneous catalysts and one of the most promising catalysts for biodiesel production with excellent catalytic performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Fresh-Water Clamshells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis compressa) as New Raw Material and its Application in the Biodiesel Production of Lard Oil

et al. 2023

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In the present work, the catalytic activity and stability of the Fresh-water Clamshells-derived CaO catalyst were investigated by the transesterification reaction of lard oil. The physicochemical properties of lard oil as a raw material for biodiesel production compared with palm oil were also studied. The obtained CaO_FWC was characterized by various analytical techniques to evaluate the physicochemical properties consisting of TGA, SEM, XRD, XRF, BET surface area, FT-IR, Hammett indicator method, and CO2-TPD. The results found that the fresh CaO_FWC showed the specific surface area, percentage of Ca element, total basic site, and basic strength of 8.293 m2g−1, 98.6 wt.%, 8.450 mmol g−1, and 15 < H_< 18.4, respectively which similar to CaO commercial grade. In addition, the fresh CaO_FWC catalyst also presented high catalytic activity that gave %FAME of lard oil more than 96.5 %. However, the CaO_FWC catalyst could only reuse 3 times with the catalytic activity slightly decreased, and %FAME remained higher than 95 %. While the stability of the CaO_FWC catalyst was tested by storage for a long time to 180 days, this experimental data suggested that the CaO_FWC catalyst could preserve for only 30 days, with the catalytic efficiency remaining similar to the fresh CaO_FWC. Furthermore, the preservation and reusability of the catalyst were also studied in terms of the kinetic rate of reaction for use as a database to optimize the reaction conditions. Finally, the fuel properties of biodiesel products derived from lard oil and palm oil as raw materials and catalyzed by CaO_FWC catalyst met the specified standards both of EN-14214 and ASTM-D6751. Therefore, all the results of this work were excellent databases for utilizing and adding value to the Fresh-water Clamshells and lard oil as biomass sources for further development and development as renewable and alternative energy in Thailand. HIGHLIGHTS The CaO catalyst obtained after calcination of the Fresh-water Clamshells has displayed excellent catalytic activity for the transesterification of lard oil with biodiesel conversion and FAME yield obtained under optimal conditions up to 96.86 % The Fresh-water Clamshells could stand promising resource for low-cost catalysts to lead the way for low-cost biodiesel The kinetic data can be used to optimize the biodiesel production process GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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“…benzyl cinnamate, esterification, kinetics, solid acid various solid acid catalysts have been developed, including zeolite, metal oxides, anion/cation exchange resin and sulfonic modified mesostructured silica. 13 Palaniappan and Sairam 14 reported that polyaniline-sulphate salt, among different polyaniline-supported acid salts, was the best catalyst for the esterification of cinnamic acid, showing methyl cinnamate yield of 96% after 24 hours of reaction at 70°C. Similarly, Palermo 15 developed a new approach for the production of aryl cinnamates using Mo-Keggin heteropoly acids as catalyst, with the yields ranging from 80% to 91%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past decade, heterogeneous acid catalysts have been more and more attractive than homogeneous acid catalysts in catalysing esterification reaction to facilitate catalyst separation, decrease production cost and avoid environmental pollution 12 . To date, various solid acid catalysts have been developed, including zeolite, metal oxides, anion/cation exchange resin and sulfonic modified mesostructured silica 13 . Palaniappan and Sairam 14 reported that polyaniline‐sulphate salt, among different polyaniline‐supported acid salts, was the best catalyst for the esterification of cinnamic acid, showing methyl cinnamate yield of 96% after 24 hours of reaction at 70°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid acid HND‐26 as a novel catalyst: Green and sustainable alternatives towards synthesis of benzyl cinnamate

Qian

Zhang

Tian

et al. 2022

Flavour & Fragrance J

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High melting point and hydrophilicity of phenolic acids limit their application in lipophilic environments such as fat‐containing cosmetics and foods. The esterification of the carboxyl group with fatty and aromatic alcohols has been considered as an effective way to enhance the lipophilicity of phenolic acids and thus enable better location of the antioxidant moiety into membranes and interface of emulsion systems where oxidation is expected to occur. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the catalytic properties of six solid acids (HND‐34, HND‐6, HND‐580, HND‐2, HND‐8 and HND‐26) for the synthesis of benzyl cinnamate. Results show that HND‐26 was the most effective solid acid to catalyse the esterification reaction of cinnamic acid with benzyl alcohol. By using response surface methodology, the influence of key experimental factors on the yield of benzyl cinnamate was investigated and the maximum yield (95.1%) was obtained under the optimized conditions (58°C, cinnamic acid/benzyl alcohol 1:20 (mol/mol), HND‐26 loading 13.8% and 25 hours). The activation energy of cinnamic acid conversion with benzyl alcohol was 30.3 kJ/mol. Obtained results provide a cost‐effective way of green synthesis of benzyl cinnamate and highlights the potential applications of HND‐26 as an efficient catalyst for the production of phenolic acid esters with broad usage in cosmetic industry.

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A review of sustainable biodiesel production using biomass derived heterogeneous catalysts

Cited by 44 publications

References 366 publications

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review

Modification of Fresh-Water Clamshells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis compressa) as New Raw Material and its Application in the Biodiesel Production of Lard Oil

Solid acid HND‐26 as a novel catalyst: Green and sustainable alternatives towards synthesis of benzyl cinnamate

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