A Review of the Compatibility of Structural Materials with Oxygen

Clark, Alan F.; Hust, J. G.

doi:10.2514/3.49267

Cited by 51 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…NASA instituted some tests to measure the compatibility, and the most common of those tests are ambient pressure liquid oxygen mechanical impact tests and high-pressure oxygen mechanical impact tests (introduced and detailed in the Test Methods section) [3]. Hust and Clark et al reported the flammability of some pure metals [4], and the studies reported that copper showed an ignition temperature of about 1030 • C. This temperature is about 60 • C below the melting point, and it does not ignite until the melting point when the oxygen pressure is below 34.5 MPa. Copper is therefore considered difficult to ignite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the ignition temperature reached 500 • C when 20 wt % Al was added to Mg alloys [19], and Zn also reduced the Mg alloys' ignition temperature; its effect was smaller to that of Al [20]. Aluminum showed an ignition temperature higher than its melting point, which was described as the melting point of alumina (2050 • C) [4,5]. Nickel was observed to ignite at its melting temperature [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aluminum showed an ignition temperature higher than its melting point, which was described as the melting point of alumina (2050 • C) [4,5]. Nickel was observed to ignite at its melting temperature [4,5]. Silver cannot be ignited at any oxygen pressure [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion of Metals in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

Shao

Xie

Zhang

et al. 2020

Metals

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Metal combustion is one of the main issues threatening service safety in oxygen-enriched atmospheres, leading to unexpected explosions in rocket engines. This paper reviews the recent development of metals combustion in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Test methods under three typical conditions and combustion behaviors of three typical metals are mainly discussed. The microstructures of the combustion areas of tested samples in stainless steels, nickel superalloys, and titanium alloys are similar, containing an oxide zone, a melting zone, and a heat-affected zone. The development trend of metal combustion in oxygen-enriched atmospheres in the future is also forecasted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combustion of Metals in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

Shao

Xie

Zhang

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…The chemical mechanism of the liquid oxygen compatibility of polymers has been confirmed to be oxidation reactions . Clark summarized compatibility testing methods and discussed the general problem of oxygen compatibility. It was revealed that a properly compatible polymer for oxygen use should be least likely to ignite and should tend to quench the oxidation reaction after ignition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the liquid oxygen compatibility of epoxy via the addition of surface‐modified boehmite

Wang

Peng

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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To improve the liquid oxygen compatibility and cryogenic mechanical properties of epoxy resin, we synthesized and characterized a hybrid compound (functionalized boehmite) containing boehmite, phosphorus, and silicon element. The thermal properties and liquid oxygen compatibility of the composites were investigated in detail. The results show that the addition of functionalized boehmite increased the char residue obviously but had little effect on the thermal decomposition temperature and glass-transition temperature of the composites. The liquid oxygen compatibility of the composites was significantly improved. Composites with 4 wt % boehmite, 0.99 wt % Si, and 1.1 wt % P passed the impact test. Surface element analyses before and after the drop tests suggested that the functionalized boehmite in epoxy might have prevented the impact reaction in liquid oxygen through two steps. First, the compound decomposed into phosphoric oxyacid and Al 2 O 3 under the impact energy and captured the H• and •OH radicals produced from the decomposition of the resin. Then, the decomposition covered the surface, forming a protective layer to isolate the oxygen. The mechanism of the liquid oxygen compatibility of the epoxy composites was subsequently analyzed. In addition, the cryogenic tensile properties of the epoxy composites containing functionalized boehmite showed that the composites had potential applications under cryogenic liquid oxygen environments.

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“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Yet, the large amount of energy released by a burning metal has undesirable consequences and represents a source of significant fire hazards, especially when metals are used in high-temperature and/or high-pressure oxidizing environments such as those prevailing in nuclear plants and oxygen supply systems. 16,17 The research conducted in metal-fire prevention has mostly consisted of carrying out standard tests that quantify the relative flammability of different metals, that is, their relative propensity to sustain combustion of metallic materials of standardized dimensions in oxygen atmospheres. 18 Surprisingly enough, no single test has been developed to date that could provide either absolute ignition limits or consistent relative ratings for all materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and theoretical study of iron and mild steel combustion in oxygen flows

2017

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The effects of oxygen flow speed and pressure on the iron and mild steel combustion are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The studied specimens are vertical cylindrical rods subjected to an axial oxygen flow and ignited at the upper end by laser irradiation. Three main stages of the combustion process have been identified experimentally: (1) induction period, during which the rod is heated until an intensive metal oxidation begins at its upper end; (2) static combustion, during which a laminar liquid "cap" slowly grows on the upper rod end, and, after the liquid cap detachment from the sample; (3) dynamic combustion, which is characterized by a rapid metal consumption and turbulent liquid motions. An analytical description of these stages is given. In particular, a model of the dynamic combustion is constructed based on the turbulent oxygen transport through the liquid metal-oxide flow. This model yields a simple expression for the fraction of metal burned in the process and allows one to calculate the normal propagation speed of the solid metal-liquid interface as a function of the oxygen flow speed and pressure. A comparison of the theory with the experimental results is made, and its potential application is mentioned.

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A Review of the Compatibility of Structural Materials with Oxygen

Cited by 51 publications

References 55 publications

Combustion of Metals in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

Combustion of Metals in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres

Improvement of the liquid oxygen compatibility of epoxy via the addition of surface‐modified boehmite

Experimental and theoretical study of iron and mild steel combustion in oxygen flows

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