A review of the current state of research on artificial blue light safety as it applies to digital devices

Wong, Nikita; Bahmani, Hamed

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10282

Cited by 33 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Studies on children [ 29 ] and adolescents [ 30 ] have shown that exposure to a high CCT light environment in the evening could affect sleep quality and reduce sleepiness, compared with a low CCT light environment. Previous studies have further indicated that high CCT light could affect circadian rhythm [ [31] , [32] , [33] ] and influence sleep quality [ 34 ]. Further, in the current study, of the positive effect of low CCT light on sleep quality in adolescents was significant and prominent from the first day of the light intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proper use of light environments for mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and other prospective public health emergency lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents

Wen¹,

Tan²,

Wu³

et al. 2023

Heliyon

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proper use of light environments for mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and other prospective public health emergency lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents

Wen¹,

Tan²,

Wu³

et al. 2023

Heliyon

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“…Overall, there is concern about the potentially harmful effects of blue light that is increasingly available in white LEDs, e.g., through LED screen devices, but also for medical purposes [ 174 , 193 ]. However, the increase in blue light in LEDs is unlikely to be the main driver of health issues; other key factors need to be taken into account when discussing health issues surrounding lighting, including sleep–wake schedules, circadian rhythms, duration of screen use, evening and late-night use of light sources and screen devices, and repeated long-term exposure.…”

Section: Health and Lightingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light as a Modulator of Non-Image-Forming Brain Functions—Positive and Negative Impacts of Increasing Light Availability

2023

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Light use is rising steeply, mainly because of the advent of light-emitting diode (LED) devices. LEDs are frequently blue-enriched light sources and may have different impacts on the non-image forming (NIF) system, which is maximally sensitive to blue-wavelength light. Most importantly, the timing of LED device use is widespread, leading to novel light exposure patterns on the NIF system. The goal of this narrative review is to discuss the multiple aspects that we think should be accounted for when attempting to predict how this situation will affect the NIF impact of light on brain functions. We first cover both the image-forming and NIF pathways of the brain. We then detail our current understanding of the impact of light on human cognition, sleep, alertness, and mood. Finally, we discuss questions concerning the adoption of LED lighting and screens, which offer new opportunities to improve well-being, but also raise concerns about increasing light exposure, which may be detrimental to health, particularly in the evening.

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“…There is a rapid rise in the use of artificial blue light sources, including 3C displays, light-emitting diode (LED)-based decorative bulbs, and solid-state lighting in our daily lives. The core technology used to produce white light involves pairing a blue LED with a lower-energy phosphor, thereby producing a high proportion of blue light emitted from these sources [ 1 ]. Digital devices are prevalent among people across age groups, particularly among adolescents and young adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average time spent on mobile devices has been increasing annually. These statistics correlate with the incidence of various illnesses (such as eyestrain, headaches, and fatigue), of which retinopathy is frequent [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue light exposure collapses the inner blood-retinal barrier by accelerating endothelial CLDN5 degradation through the disturbance of GNAZ and the activation of ADAM17

Chan

Hsiao

Wan

et al. 2023

Fluids Barriers CNS

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Blue light is part of the natural light spectrum that emits high energy. Currently, people are frequently exposed to blue light from 3C devices, resulting in a growing incidence of retinopathy. The retinal vasculature is complex, and retinal vessels not only serve the metabolic needs of the retinal sublayers, but also maintain electrolyte homeostasis by forming the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB). The iBRB, which is primarily composed of endothelial cells, has well-developed tight junctions. However, with exposure to blue light, the risks of targeting retinal endothelial cells are currently unknown. We found that endothelial claudin-5 (CLDN5) was rapidly degraded under blue light, coinciding with the activation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), even at non-cytotoxic lighting. An apparently broken tight junction and a permeable paracellular cleft were observed. Mice exposed to blue light displayed iBRB leakage, conferring attenuation of the electroretinogram b-wave and oscillatory potentials. Both pharmacological and genetic inhibition of ADAM17 remarkably alleviated CLDN5 degradation induced by blue light. Under untreated condition, ADAM17 is sequestered by GNAZ (a circadian-responsive, retina-enriched inhibitory G protein), whereas ADAM17 escapes from GNAZ by blue light illuminance. GNAZ knockdown led to ADAM17 hyperactivation, CLDN5 downregulation, and paracellular permeability in vitro, and retinal damage mimicked blue light exposure in vivo. These data demonstrate that blue light exposure might impair the iBRB by accelerating CLDN5 degradation through the disturbance of the GNAZ-ADAM17 axis.

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A review of the current state of research on artificial blue light safety as it applies to digital devices

Cited by 33 publications

References 156 publications

Proper use of light environments for mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and other prospective public health emergency lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents

Proper use of light environments for mitigating the effects of COVID-19 and other prospective public health emergency lockdowns on sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents

Light as a Modulator of Non-Image-Forming Brain Functions—Positive and Negative Impacts of Increasing Light Availability

Blue light exposure collapses the inner blood-retinal barrier by accelerating endothelial CLDN5 degradation through the disturbance of GNAZ and the activation of ADAM17

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