A Review of the Effects of Policosanol on Metabolic Syndrome

Olatunji, Lawal Kayode; Jimoh, Abdulgafar Olayiwola; Tukur, Umar Muhammad; Imam, Mustapha Umar

doi:10.1016/j.ccmp.2022.100058

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Despite the growing market size, there has been insufficient information on the efficacy and side effects of the products with many brand names, which can confuse consumers. Moreover, there has been almost no study comparing policosanols from different plant sources, such as sugarcane, rice bran, oat, and wheat, despite their reported beneficial effects [ 32 ]. This study compared the in vivo efficacy of various policosanols from rice bran and sugarcane wax produced in different countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Policosanol (Raydel®) Improves Hepatic, Renal, and Reproductive Functions in Zebrafish: In Vivo Comparison Study among Cuban, Chinese, and American Policosanol

Cho,

Kim,

Nam

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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The current study compared three policosanols from Cuba (sugarcane, Raydel®, policosanol (1), China (rice bran, Shaanxi, policosanol (2), and the USA (sugarcane, Lesstanol®, policosanol (3) in the treatment of dyslipidemia and protection of the liver, ovary, and testis in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish. After twelve weeks of supplementation of each policosanol (PCO, final 0.1% in diet, w/w) with a high cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, w/w), the Raydel policosanol (PCO1) group showed the highest survivability, approximately 89%. In contrast, Shaanxi policosanol (PCO2) and Lesstanol policosanol (PCO3) produced 73% and 87% survivability, respectively, while the HCD alone group showed 75% survivability. In the 12th week, the PCO1 group demonstrated the most modest increase in body weight along with significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in comparison to the HCD control group. Additionally, the PCO1 group exhibited the highest proportion of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol within TC. Notably, the PCO1 group displayed the lowest level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced interleukin (IL)-6 production in the liver, a notable decline in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitigated fatty liver changes. HCD supplementation induced impairment of kidney morphology with the greatest extent of ROS production and apoptosis. On the other hand, the PCO 1 group showed a remarkably improved morphology with the least ROS generation and apoptosis. Within the ovarian context, the PCO1 group exhibited the most substantial presence of mature vitellogenic oocytes, accompanied by minimal levels of ROS and apoptosis. Similarly, in the testicular domain, the PCO1 group showcased optimal morphology for spermatogenesis, characterized by the least interstitial area and diminished production of ROS in testicular cells. At week 8, the PCO1 group showed the highest egg-laying ability, with around 244 eggs produced per mating. In contrast, the HCD alone, PCO2, and PCO3 groups showed significantly lower egg-laying ability (49, 59, and 86 eggs, respectively). The embryos from the PCO1 group exhibited the highest survivability with the fastest swimming ability and developmental speed. These results suggest that PCO1 consumption significantly enhanced the reproduction system, egg-laying ability, and embryo survivability. In conclusion, among the three policosanols, Cuban (Raydel®) policosanol had the strongest effect on survivability, improving dyslipidemia, liver protection, kidney, ovary, and testis with a restoration of the cell morphology, and the least ROS production and apoptosis-induced by HCD supplementation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Policosanol (Raydel®) Improves Hepatic, Renal, and Reproductive Functions in Zebrafish: In Vivo Comparison Study among Cuban, Chinese, and American Policosanol

Cho,

Kim,

Nam

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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“…It has a potent antioxidant and exhibits antimicrobial and antidermatophytic properties against pathogen germs [ 73 ]. Several studies reported the multiple biological properties of policosanol against chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, aging, cerebrovascular disease, type 2 hypercholesterolemia, and Parkinson's disease [ 73 , 79 ]. According to these authors, the daily dose recommended ranges between 5 and 80 mg/d depending on whether one wants to lower serum cholesterol levels or treat type 2 diabetes or others.…”

Section: Health Benefits Of Tp Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tomato pomace as a source of valuable functional ingredients for improving physicochemical and sensory properties and extending the shelf life of foods: A review

Chabi,

Zannou,

Dedehou

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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“…To overcome the disadvantage of statins, varied nutraceuticals, and functional foods, such as phytosterols, phytoestrogens, policosanol, red yeast rice, and monacolins, have been recognized for their considerable potential in reducing lipid levels [ 11 ]. Among the different nutraceuticals and functional foods, policosanol has extensively been explored as an agent to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension by testing its efficacy in varied preclinical and clinical studies [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Moreover, policosanol in combination with classical statins displayed a substantial effect to minimize the toxic effect of statins [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] its possible use as a combinational therapy was proposed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The established role of policosanol as platelet anti-aggregation, amelioration of neurological function in ischemic stroke patients, and blood pressure maintenance has been reported elsewhere [ 14 ]. Even more, some studies have verified the curative effect of policosanol against neurological disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease [ 14 ]. Nevertheless, with a diverse functionality, Cuban policosanol’s role as a lipid-lowering agent and blood pressure-lowering agent by alleviating blood TC, TG, and LDL-C and raising HDL-C [ 14 , 19 , 20 ] level has been claimed via cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition and the improvement of HDL functionality such as its antioxidant activity and cholesterol efflux (CE) ability [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy Assessment of Five Policosanol Brands and Damage to Vital Organs in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish by Six-Week Supplementation: Highlighting the Toxicity of Red Yeast Rice and Safety of Cuban Policosanol (Raydel®)

Cho,

Bahuguna,

Kim

et al. 2024

Pharmaceuticals

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Policosanol is a mixture of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) derived from various plant and insect origins that are marketed by various companies with distinct formulations and brand names. Policosanols offer several beneficial effects to treat dyslipidemia and hypertension; however, a comprehensive functionality comparison of various policosanol brands has yet to be thoroughly explored. In the present study five distinct policosanol brands from different origins and countries, Raydel-policosanol, Australia (PCO1), Solgar-policosanol, USA (PCO2), NutrioneLife-monacosanol, South Korea (PCO3), Mothernest-policosanol, Australia (PCO4), and Peter & John-policosanol, New Zealand (PCO5) were compared via dietary supplementation (1% in diet, final wt/wt) to zebrafish for six weeks to investigate their impact on survivability, blood lipid profile, and functionality of vital organs under the influence of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD, final 4%, wt/wt). The results revealed that policosanol brands (PCO1–PCO5) had a substantial preventive effect against HCD-induced zebrafish body weight elevation and hyperlipidemia by alleviating total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in blood. Other than PCO3, all the brands significantly reduced the HCD’s elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). On the contrary, only PCO1 displayed a significant elevation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level against the consumption of HCD. The divergent effect of PCO1–PCO5 against HCD-induced hepatic damage biomarkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), was observed. PCO1, PCO2, and PCO4 efficiently curtailed the AST and ALT levels; however, PCO3 and PCO5 potentially aggravated the HCD’s elevated plasma AST and ALT levels. Consistently, the hepatic histology outcome revealed the least effectiveness of PCO3 and PCO5 against HCD-induced liver damage. On the contrary, PCO1 exhibited a substantial hepatoprotective role by curtailing HCD-induced fatty liver changes, cellular senescent, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. Likewise, the histological outcome from the kidney, testis, and ovary revealed the significant curative effect of PCO1 against the HCD-induced adverse effects. PCO2–PCO5 showed diverse and unequal results, with the least effective being PCO3, followed by PCO5 towards HCD-induced kidney, testis, and ovary damage. The multivariate interpretation based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) validated the superiority of PCO1 over other policosanol brands against the clinical manifestation associated with HCD. Conclusively, different brands displayed distinct impacts against HCD-induced adverse effects, signifying the importance of policosanol formulation and the presence of aliphatic alcohols on the functionality of policosanol products.

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A Review of the Effects of Policosanol on Metabolic Syndrome

Cited by 7 publications

References 50 publications

Consumption of Policosanol (Raydel®) Improves Hepatic, Renal, and Reproductive Functions in Zebrafish: In Vivo Comparison Study among Cuban, Chinese, and American Policosanol

Consumption of Policosanol (Raydel®) Improves Hepatic, Renal, and Reproductive Functions in Zebrafish: In Vivo Comparison Study among Cuban, Chinese, and American Policosanol

Tomato pomace as a source of valuable functional ingredients for improving physicochemical and sensory properties and extending the shelf life of foods: A review

Efficacy Assessment of Five Policosanol Brands and Damage to Vital Organs in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish by Six-Week Supplementation: Highlighting the Toxicity of Red Yeast Rice and Safety of Cuban Policosanol (Raydel®)

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