A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

Abstract

Bladder cancer is any tumor that originates in the urinary bladder. It is the most prevalent tumor of the urinary system, with urothelial carcinoma being the most prevalent histologic subtype. It impacts both men and women. The development of bladder cancer was influenced by several risk factors, including advanced age, male sex, cigarette smoking, and occupational and environmental toxin exposure. Bladder tumors may manifest as gross or microscopic hematuria, which is assessed using cystoscopy, urine analysis, and other specialized tests. Due to the large number of cases related to environmental causes, bladder cancer is an appropriate target for public health preventative interventions. Cessation of smoking, adequate occupational safety procedures, diet, weight loss, and schistosomiasis prevention may mitigate the rising global incidence.

H3 histone methylation landscape in male urogenital cancers: from molecular mechanisms to epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic targets

“…Bladder cancer (BCa) is the 10th most prevalent cancer worldwide, with an increasing tendency, particularly in industrialized and developed countries; it is the most prevalent tumor of the urinary system, with urothelial carcinoma being the prevalent histologic subtype, with a high rate of recurrence and poor outcomes because of relapse ( Halaseh et al, 2022 ). Based on the latest Global Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence (GLOBOCAN) data, 440,864 new cases of bladder cancer in men were identified in 2020, accounting for around 4.4% of new cancer cases diagnosed in men ( Sung et al, 2021 ; Halaseh et al, 2022 ). A significant proportion of bladder cancer cases is attributable to tobacco smoking (50%–65%), as well as to occupational, environmental factors (estimated 20% of all cases) and schistosomiasis infection (in Africa and Middle East) ( Caballero et al, 2022 ).…”

Organ preservation in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer

“…Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world, with urothelial carcinoma (UC) comprising around 90% of the histology [1][2][3][4]. When localized, UC is curable, but once metastasized it is lethal, with a median overall survival (OS) of 31 months with systemic therapy [5,6].…”

Comparative transcriptomic analysis and mechanistic characterization revealed the use of formononetin for bladder cancer treatment

“…2 It is possible that schistosomiasis leading to urinary bladder irritation and inflammation is strongly associated with the development of bladder cancer. 3 Approximately 70% of patients with bladder cancer are diagnosed with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and the rest have bladder wall invasion or even metastasis. 4 Patients with NMIBC who progress to muscle-invasive disease have a poor prognosis.…”