A review of the genotoxicity of food, drug and cosmetic colours and other azo, triphenylmethane and xanthene dyes

Combes, Robert; Haveland-Smith, R.B.

doi:10.1016/0165-1110(82)90015-x

Cited by 300 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 189 publications

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“…It is non-genotoxic in many gene mutation tests involving prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells with or without activation (Chung et al, 1981;Combes and Haveland-Smith, 1982). However, allura red was reported to show direct genotoxic effect when different concentrations of the dye ranging from 9.76 to 5000 µg/mL was incubated with a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 37°C.…”

Section: Allura Redmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of food colours and additives: A review

Thomas¹,

Adegoke²

2015

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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Majority of consumer goods are required to be presented with good aesthetics in order to improve acceptability in terms of colours and in some instances taste. When related to food, beverages and drug products, additives are usually added to mask un-inviting colours, obscure offensive odours and increase taste. Food additives therefore include colourants, sweeteners, preservatives and anti-caking agents. Admissible daily intake limits are often recommended for these additives. Being food products, the amount consumed over time may be subject to individual preferences and thus negating the desire to regulate and control the amount consumed cumulatively. There have been several concerns about the safety of food additives and several batteries of tests, and reports are available in literature. This review attempted to give an update on reports that have surfaced in literature over recent past on the use and safety of food colours and other additives. Some safety concerns have been related to three determinations; cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and induction or potential of inducing mutagenicity. In order to accomplish these targeted evaluations, several tests have been prescribed by International conference on harmonization (ICH), organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) and European food safety authority (EFSA). It is observed that no single test can give a full proof of safety of these food colours and additives, hence minimal tests are recommended to be carried out in order to guarantee safety of these products. Survey of literature, revealed that once some approved additives or colours become a subject of safety concerns, comprehensive evaluations are carried out by researchers and these have often led to the de-classification of some hitherto reported agents as being non-genotoxic or non-carcinogenic. The declassifications of some food colors and additives as human carcinogens are regularly done following the comprehensive evaluation of results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity tests in vitro and some in vivo tests in mammalian tissues and whole animals. However, such declassifications are often done with caution and the implication is that regular and more comprehensive tests must be carried out. In addition, the requirements of testing for chronic exposures to this and other agents must be emphasized to prevent occurrence of subtle yet terrible side effects resulting from consuming sub-toxic doses of the additives over time.

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Section: Allura Redmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of food colours and additives: A review

Thomas¹,

Adegoke²

2015

Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.

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“…Dyes are used as coloring agents in many industries, and if improperly discarded into the environment, it can cause adverse effects to the human life and aquatic ecosystem 1,2 . Some methods used for dye removal from industrial wastewater are flotation 3 , filtration 4 , adsorption [5][6][7][8] and photocatalysis 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Brazilian Kaolin as a Potential Low-cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Malachite Green from Colored Effluents

et al. 2017

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This study investigated the potential of Brazilian kaolin as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Malachite Green (MG) from colored effluents. The morphology, chemical structure and surface properties of the adsorbent were investigated by characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and particle size distribution. A possible technological application of raw kaolin is the MG removal from aqueous media, which was investigated using batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption kinetics was studied using the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Elovich models. The adsorption isotherms were studied using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips models. The Elovich model was the more adequate to represent the adsorption kinetic, while the equilibrium was well represented by the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity, at pH of 6.3 and temperature of 25ºC, was 128 mg g -1 , and this satisfactory result may be associated with some adsorbent properties. Therefore, the results revealed that raw kaolin can be utilized as a promising low-cost adsorbent to remove MG from colored effluents.

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“…Dès 1895, l'augmentation du nombre de cancers de la vessie observés chez des ouvriers de l'industrie textile est reliée à leur exposition prolongée aux colorants azoïques (REHN, 1895). Depuis, les travaux effectués sur ces colorants azoïques ont démontré que ces composés chimiques présentaient des effets cancérigènes pour l'homme et l'animal (BRoWN et DEVITo, 1993;CHEN, 2006;CoMBES et HAVELAND-SMITH, 1982;DEPA, 2000;IARC, 1982;MEDVEDEV et al, 1988;PERCy et al, 1989;TSUDA et al, 2000) (Tableau 2).…”

Section: Mutagénicité / Carcinogénicitéunclassified

Les colorants textiles sources de contamination de l’eau : CRIBLAGE de la toxicité et des méthodes de traitement

Mansour¹,

Boughzala

Dridi

et al. 2011

rseau

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Les colorants sont largement utilisés dans les imprimeries, les produits alimentaires, cosmétiques et cliniques, mais en particulier dans les industries textiles pour leur stabilité chimique et la facilité de leur synthèse et leur variété de couleurs. Cependant, ces colorants sont à l’origine de la pollution une fois évacués dans l’environnement. La production mondiale des colorants est estimée à plus de 800 000 t•an-1 et les colorants azoïques sont majoritaires et représentent 60-70 %. Compte tenu de la composition très hétérogène de ces derniers, leur dégradation conduit souvent à la conception d’une chaîne de traitement physique-chimique et biologique assurant l’élimination des différents polluants par étapes successives. Dés études ont montré que plusieurs colorants azoïques sont toxiques et mutagènes et le traitement biologique de ces colorants semble présenter un intérêt scientifique majeur. Les traitements physico-chimiques communs (adsorption, coagulation/floculation, précipitation etc.) sont couramment utilisés pour les effluents industriels. Malgré leur rapidité, ces méthodes se sont avérées peu efficaces compte tenu des normes exigées sur ces rejets. Le traitement biologique constitue une alternative fiable; en effet, plusieurs microorganismes sont capables de transformer les colorants azoïques en sous-produits incolores. Les bactéries dégradent les colorants azoïques en deux étapes : un clivage de liaison azo, par l’intermédiaire de l’azoréductase, suivi d’une oxydation des amines aromatiques formées lors de la première étape. L’azoréduction constitue alors une étape clé du traitement des effluents chargés de ces colorants.Dyes are widely used for industrial, printing, food, cosmetic and clinical purposes as well as textile dyeing because of their chemical stability, ease of synthesis, and versatility. Their stability, however, causes pollution once the dyes are released into the environment in effluents. More than 800,000 tons of dyes are annually produced worldwide, of which 60 to 70% are azo dyes. Considering the heterogeneous composition of these latter dyes, their degradation usually requires a chain of physical, chemical and biological treatments assuring the elimination of different pollutants in successive steps. In addition, some azo dyes are toxic and mutagenic and thus the biological treatment of these dyes is now of major scientific interest. Physical-chemical treatments (adsorption, coagulation/flocculation precipitation, etc.) are usually used for industrial effluents. In spite of their rapidity, these methods have turned out to be ineffective in attaining the standards required for these discharges. As a viable alternative, biological processes are receiving increasing interest owing to their cost effectiveness and their ability to produce less sludge. It has been found that some microorganisms can transform azo dyes into colourless products. Bacterial degradation of azo dyes is often initiated by an enzymatic biotransformation step that involves cleavage of azo linkages with the aid of...

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A review of the genotoxicity of food, drug and cosmetic colours and other azo, triphenylmethane and xanthene dyes

Cited by 300 publications

References 189 publications

Toxicity of food colours and additives: A review

Toxicity of food colours and additives: A review

Use of Brazilian Kaolin as a Potential Low-cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Malachite Green from Colored Effluents

Les colorants textiles sources de contamination de l’eau : CRIBLAGE de la toxicité et des méthodes de traitement

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